2. Terms and accepted abbreviations

2.1. Personal data (PD) – any information related directly or indirectly to a specific or identifiable individual (subject of personal data);

2.2. Personal data processing – any action (operation) or a set of actions (operations) performed with or without the use of automation tools with personal data, including collection, recording, systematization, accumulation, storage, clarification (updating, modification), extraction, use, transfer (distribution, provision, access), depersonalization, blocking, deletion, destruction of personal data;

2.3. Operator – a state body, municipal body, legal entity or individual, independently or jointly with other persons organizing and (or) processing personal data, as well as determining the purposes of processing personal data, the composition of personal data to be processed, actions (operations) performed with personal data;

2.4. Dissemination of personal data – actions aimed at disclosing personal data to an indefinite circle of persons;

2.5. Provision of personal data – actions aimed at disclosing personal data to a certain person or a certain circle of persons;

2.6. Blocking of personal data – temporary termination of processing of personal data (except in cases where processing is necessary to clarify personal data);

2.7. Destruction of personal data – actions as a result of which it becomes impossible to restore the content of personal data in the personal data information system and (or) as a result of which the material carriers of personal data are destroyed;

2.8. Depersonalization of personal data – actions as a result of which it becomes impossible to determine the identity of personal data to a specific personal data subject without using additional information;

2.9. Automated processing of personal data – processing of personal data using computer technology;

2.10. Personal Data Information System (hereinafter - ISPD) – a set of personal data contained in databases and information technologies and technical means that ensure their processing;

2.11. Patient – an individual who is receiving medical care or who has applied for medical care, regardless of whether he has a disease and his condition;

2.12. Medical activity – professional activity in providing medical care, conducting medical examinations, medical examinations and medical examinations, sanitary and anti-epidemic (preventive) measures and professional activities related to transplantation (transplantation) of organs and (or) tissues, circulation of donated blood and (or) its components for medical purposes;

2.13. Attending physician is a doctor who is entrusted with the functions of organizing and directly providing medical care to a patient during the period of observation and treatment.

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3. Principles of ensuring the security of personal data

3.1. The main task of ensuring the security of personal data during their processing in the Clinic is to prevent unauthorized access to them by third parties, prevent deliberate software, technical and other influences for the purpose of stealing personal data, destroying (destroying) or distorting them during processing.

3.2. To ensure the safety of PD, the Clinic is guided by the following principles:

legality: PD protection is based on the provisions of regulatory legal acts and methodological documents of authorized state bodies in the field of PD processing and protection;
consistency: PD processing in the Clinic is carried out taking into account all interrelated interacting and time-varying elements, conditions and factors important for understanding and solving the problem of ensuring the safety of PD;
complexity: PD protection is built using the functionality of information technologies implemented in the information systems of the Clinic and other available systems and means of protection;
continuity: PD protection is provided at all stages of their processing and in all modes of operation of PD processing systems, including during repair and routine maintenance;
timeliness: measures to ensure an appropriate level of safety of PD are taken before they are processed;
continuity and continuity of improvement: modernization and enhancement of measures and means of protection of personal data is carried out on the basis of the results of the analysis of the practice of processing personal data in the Organization, taking into account the identification of new ways and means of implementing threats to the security of personal data, domestic and foreign experience in the field of information protection;
personal responsibility: responsibility for ensuring the security of personal data is assigned to Employees within their responsibilities related to the processing and protection of personal data;
minimization of access rights: access to personal data is provided to employees only to the extent, necessary for the performance of their official duties;
flexibility: ensuring the performance of PD protection functions when changing the characteristics of the functioning of the Clinic's personal data information systems, as well as the volume and composition of PD processed;
specialization and professionalism: the implementation of measures to ensure the safety of PD is carried out by employees who have the qualifications and experience necessary for this;
the effectiveness of personnel selection procedures: the personnel policy of the Clinic provides for careful recruitment and motivation of employees, allowing to exclude or minimize the possibility of their violating the safety of PD;
observability and transparency: measures to ensure the safety of PD should be planned so that the results of their application are clearly observable (transparent) and can be evaluated by persons exercising control;
continuity of control and Assessments: procedures for continuous monitoring of the use of PD processing and protection systems are established, and the results of monitoring are regularly analyzed.

3.3. The Clinic does not process PD that is incompatible with the purposes of their collection. Unless otherwise provided by federal law, upon completion of PD processing, including upon achievement of the goals of their processing or the loss of the need to achieve these goals, the HDPE processed by the Clinic will be destroyed or depersonalized.3.4. When processing PD, their accuracy, sufficiency, and, if necessary, relevance in relation to the purposes of processing are ensured. The clinic takes the necessary measures to remove or clarify incomplete or inaccurate PD.

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4.Processing of personal data

4.1. Receipt of PD

4.1.1. All PD should be received from the subject himself. If the PD of the subject can only be obtained from a third party, then the subject must be notified of this or consent must be obtained from him.

4.1.2. The operator must inform the subject about the purposes, intended sources and methods of obtaining PD, the nature of the PD to be received, the list of actions with PD, the period during which the consent is valid and the procedure for its withdrawal, as well as the consequences of the subject's refusal to give written consent to receive them.

4.1.3. Documents containing PD are created by:

a) copying the original documents (passport, education document, TIN certificate, pension certificate, etc.);
b) entering information into accounting forms;
c) obtaining the originals of the necessary documents (work record, medical report, characteristics, etc.).

The procedure for the PD subject's access to his PD processed by the Organization is determined in accordance with the legislation and is determined by the internal regulatory documents of the Organization.

4.2. PD processing

4.2.1. The processing of personal data is carried out:

with the consent of the personal data subject to the processing of his personal data;
in cases where the processing of personal data is necessary for the exercise and fulfillment of functions, powers and duties assigned by the legislation of the Russian Federation;
in cases where when personal data is processed, access to an unlimited number of persons to which is provided by the subject of personal data or at his request (hereinafter – personal data made publicly available by the subject of personal data).

Employees' access to the processed PD is carried out in accordance with their official duties and the requirements of the Clinic's internal regulatory documents.

Employees who are allowed to process PD are familiarized with the organization's documents establishing the procedure for processing PD, including documents establishing the rights and obligations of specific employees.

The clinic eliminates the identified violations of the legislation on the processing and protection of personal data.

4.3. Filling out the form of informed voluntary consent to the processing of personal data.

4.3.1.The patient can leave three types of personal data in the Clinic:

personal data – permanent residence address, contact phone number, passport data;
special health data (of the subject of personal personal data - the patient) – all information related to health the amount of treatment provided, including information about the very fact of contacting a medical organization, is the data that is entered into the medical record;
biometric data (of the subject of personal personal data - patient) – any information about the physiological and biological characteristics of a person, on the basis of which it is possible to establish his identity (dental casts, X-rays, photographs, etc.).

4.3.2. At the first visit to the Clinic organization and each time during hospitalization, the patient is asked to fill out a form of informed voluntary consent to the processing of personal data. During subsequent visits to the Clinic, information about personal data (or their changes) may be clarified by the registry staff.

4.3.3. The information obtained is accumulated in a single computer database of the Clinic, stored and used by medical personnel in the provision of medical services.

The refusal of the patient to give written consent to the processing of his personal data is not a reason for not providing him with medical services at the Clinic.

4.4. The purposes of PD processing:

ensuring the organization of medical care to the population, as well as the most complete fulfillment of obligations and competencies in accordance with Federal Laws dated 11/21/2011 No. 323-FZ «On the basics of protecting the health of Citizens of the Russian Federation», dated 04/12/2010 No. 61-FZ «On the circulation of medicinal products funds» and dated 11/29/2010 No. 326-FZ «On compulsory medical insurance of citizens in the Russian Federation», the Rules for the provision of paid medical services by medical organizations, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1006 dated 4.10.2012;
implementation of labor relations;
implementation of civil law relations.

4.5. Categories of personal data subjects

The Clinic processes personal data of the following subjects:

individuals who are in an employment relationship with the institution;
individuals who are close relatives of employees of the institution;
individuals who have resigned from the institution;
individuals who are candidates for employment;
individuals who are in civil law relations with the institution;
individuals who have applied to the institution for medical care.

4.6. PD processed by the Clinic:

data obtained during the implementation of labor relations;
data obtained for the selection of candidates for work in the organization;
data obtained during the implementation of civil law relations;
data obtained when providing medical care.

4.7. Personal data is processed:

using automation tools.
without using automation tools.

4.8. Storage of personal data

4.8.1. PD of subjects can be obtained, further processed and transferred to storage both on paper and in electronic form.

4.8.2. Personal data recorded on paper are stored in lockable cabinets or in lockable rooms with limited access rights (registry).

4.8.3. Personal data of subjects processed using automation tools for different purposes are stored in different folders (tabs).

4.8.4. It is not allowed to store and place documents containing PD in open electronic catalogs (file sharing sites) in ISPs.

4.8.5. The storage of PD in a form that allows to identify the subject of PD is carried out no longer than the purposes of their processing require, and they are subject to destruction upon achievement of the processing goals or in case of loss of the need to achieve them.

4.9. Destruction of PD

4.9.1. Destruction of documents (media) containing PD is carried out by burning, crushing (crushing), chemical decomposition, transformation into a shapeless mass or powder. Shredder is allowed to destroy paper documents.

4.9.2. PD on electronic media are destroyed by erasing or formatting the media.

4.9.3. The destruction is carried out by the commission. The fact of the destruction of PD is documented by the act of destruction of media signed by the members of the commission.

4.10. Transfer of PD

4.10.1. The clinic transfers PD to third parties in the following cases:

the subject has expressed his consent to such actions;
the transfer is provided for by Russian or other applicable legislation within the framework of the procedure established by law.

4.10.2. List of persons, to whom the PD is transmitted

The Pension Fund of the Russian Federation for accounting (legally);
Tax authorities of the Russian Federation (legally);
Social Insurance Fund (legally);
Territorial Fund of compulsory medical insurance (legally);
insurance medical organizations for compulsory and voluntary medical insurance (legally);
payroll banks (based on the contract);
judicial and law enforcement agencies in cases of, established by law;
credit bureaus (with the consent of the subject);
law firms operating within the framework of the legislation of the Russian Federation, in case of non-fulfillment of obligations under the loan agreement (with the consent of the subject).

6e:Tc9c,

5. Personal data protection

5.1. In accordance with the requirements of the Clinic's regulatory documents, a personal data protection system (hereinafter referred to as NWPD) has been created, consisting of subsystems of legal, organizational and technical protection.

5.2. The subsystem of legal protection is a set of legal, organizational, administrative and regulatory documents that ensure the creation, operation and improvement of the NWPD.

5.3. The subsystem of organizational protection includes the organization of the management structure of the NWPD, the licensing system, information protection when working with employees, partners and third parties, information protection in the open press, publishing and advertising activities, analytical work.

5.4. The subsystem of technical protection includes a complex of technical, software, software and hardware tools that ensure the protection of personal data.

5.5. The main PD protection measures used by the Clinic are:

5.5.1. The appointment of a person responsible for the processing of PD, who organizes the processing of PD, training and instruction, internal control over compliance by the institution and its employees with the requirements for the protection of PD;

5.5.2. Identification of current threats to the safety of PD during their processing in the ISPD, and the development of measures and measures to protect PD;

5.5.3. Development of a policy regarding the processing of personal data;

5.5.4. Establishment of rules for access to PD processed in ISPD, as well as ensuring registration and accounting of all actions performed with PD in ISPD;

5.5.5. Establishment of individual passwords for employees' access to the information system in accordance with their work responsibilities;

5.5.6. The use of information security tools that have passed the compliance assessment procedure in accordance with the established procedure, accounting for PD machine media, ensuring their safety;

5.5.7. Certified antivirus software with regularly updated databases;

5.5.8. Certified software tool for protecting information from unauthorized access;

5.5.9. Certified firewall and intrusion detection tool;

5.5.10. Compliance with the conditions ensuring the safety of personal data and excluding unauthorized access to them, assessment of the effectiveness of measures taken and implemented to ensure the safety of personal data

5.5.11. Establishment of rules for access to processed personal data, ensuring registration and accounting of actions performed with personal data, as well as detection of unauthorized access to personal data and taking measures;

5.5.12. Restoration of PD modified or destroyed due to unauthorized access to them;

5.5.13. Training of Clinic employees directly involved in the processing of personal data, the provisions of the legislation of the Russian Federation on personal data, including requirements for the protection of personal data, documents defining the Organization's policy regarding the processing of personal data, local acts on the processing of personal data; 5.5.14. Internal control and audit.

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6. The basic rights of the PD subject and the duties of the Clinic

6.1. Basic rights of a PD subject

The PD subject has the right to receive information regarding the processing of his personal data, including information containing:

confirmation of the fact of personal data processing by the operator;
legal grounds and purposes of personal data processing;
purposes and methods of personal data processing used by the operator;
name and location of the operator, information about persons (except for the operator's employees), who have access to personal data or to whom personal data may be disclosed on the basis of an agreement with the operator or on the basis of federal law;
processed personal data related to the relevant personal data subject, the source of their receipt, unless another procedure for submitting such data is provided for by federal law;
the terms of processing personal data, including the terms of their storage;
the procedure for the exercise of rights by the subject of personal data, provided for by Federal Law No. 152-FZ dated 07/27/2006 «On Personal data»;
information about the performed or proposed cross-border data transfer;
the name or surname, first name, patronymic and address of the person processing personal data on behalf of the operator, if the processing has been entrusted or will be entrusted to such a person;
other information provided for by this Federal Law or other federal laws.

The PD subject has the right to require the operator to clarify his personal data, block or destroy them in the event of, if personal data is incomplete, outdated, inaccurate, illegally obtained or is not necessary for the stated purpose of processing, as well as take measures provided for by law to protect their rights.

6.2. Responsibilities of the Clinic

The clinic is obliged to:

when collecting PD, provide information about the processing of its PD;
in cases where PD was not received from the PD subject, notify the subject;
if the PD is refused, the consequences of such refusal are explained to the subject;
publish or otherwise provide unrestricted access to the document defining its policy regarding the processing of PD, to information about the implemented requirements for the protection of PD;
take the necessary legal measures, organizational and technical measures or ensure their adoption to protect PD from unlawful or accidental access to them, destruction, modification, blocking, copying, provision, distribution of PD, as well as from other illegal actions in relation to PD;
provide answers to requests and appeals from PD subjects, their representatives and the authorized body for the protection of the rights of PD subjects.

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Very responsive staff, everything is clean, clear, well-organized, you can say a lot, but the main thing is to do it. All these people do good for other people, thank you very much!

Huge thanks to cardiac surgeon Sorokin Andrey Alexandrovich, a doctor from God! Love, luck, and happiness!","feedback_writer_2":"Vaag I.F. — Vyritsa, Leningrad region","feedback_text_2":"I - Vaag Irma Friedrichovna want to say a huge thank you to Zubarev Evgeny Igorevich for his talent to operate on patients. He also operated on me and thereby extended my life, as they say, by 10 years.

I'm just happy. I am now 73 years old + 10 years. This is quite enough.

Thank you, Evgeny Igorevich, for saving me. He has an excellent team that works clearly and smoothly. Evgeny Igorevich! God save you from all adversity.

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Over the 10 years of operation of the Center, the number of heart surgeries has increased from 30 to 800 operations per year, including high-tech, open-heart and cardiopulmonary bypass, as well as endovascular and rhythm correction operations hearts.

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Among the staff of the Center are doctors and candidates of medical sciences with experience in leading clinics in the world. Our specialists actively participate in the work of the European, World, Scandinavian and Asian Associations of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgeons. The scientific works of the Center's staff are published in leading European and Russian journals.

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Modern operating rooms and intensive care wards equipped with the latest foreign and domestic equipment, the whole range of consumables and medicines allow our doctors to feel confident when performing complex heart operations.

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The patient remains conscious and under constant medical supervision. The procedure is carried out in a specialized X-ray operating room at Pirogov Clinic in Saint Petersburg.","safety_stat_duration":"20-40","safety_stat_duration_label":"minutes","safety_stat_anesthesia":"local","safety_stat_anesthesia_label":"anesthesia","safety_stat_observation":"1 day","safety_stat_observation_label":"of monitoring","when_heading":"When Is Coronarography Indicated","when_item_1":"Chest discomfort during exertion or at rest","when_item_2":"Suspected ischemic heart disease (IHD)","when_item_3":"Preparation for cardiac surgery","when_item_4":"Changes on echocardiography or stress test results","when_item_5":"Previous myocardial infarction — to assess arterial condition","how_heading":"How Coronarography Is Performed","how_step_1_title":"Local Anesthesia","how_step_1_desc":"The patient remains conscious. The puncture site is numbed with a local anesthetic.","how_step_2_title":"Catheter Insertion","how_step_2_desc":"A thin flexible catheter is inserted through the wrist or femoral artery and advanced to the coronary arteries.","how_step_3_title":"Contrast Agent","how_step_3_desc":"A contrast agent is injected through the catheter to fill the coronary vessels.","how_step_4_title":"Vessel Imaging","how_step_4_desc":"A specialized device captures X-ray images of the arteries in multiple projections.","how_step_5_title":"Results Assessment","how_step_5_desc":"The physician analyzes the coronary artery anatomy and determines the further treatment plan.","results_heading":"What Coronarography Results Reveal","results_intro":"Based on the results, the physician determines the further treatment strategy — depending on the degree of arterial damage:","results_item_1_title":"Drug Therapy","results_item_1_desc":"For minor changes, conservative treatment is prescribed — medications to normalize blood flow and prevent complications.","results_item_2_title":"Artery Stenting","results_item_2_desc":"For significant narrowings, endovascular intervention is performed: a stent is placed in the narrowed segment to restore patency.","results_item_2_link":"Learn more about coronary artery stenting","results_item_3_title":"Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting","results_item_3_desc":"For multiple or extensive lesions, surgical treatment may be recommended — creating bypass routes for blood flow.","results_item_3_link":"Learn more about coronary artery bypass grafting","pricing_heading":"Coronarography Cost in Saint Petersburg","pricing_item_1_name":"Coronarography","pricing_item_1_desc":"Includes all consumables and monitoring","pricing_item_2_name":"Additional studies (FFR, OCT)","pricing_item_2_desc":"Based on clinical indications","pricing_note":"Coronarography may be performed free of charge under CHI and federal quotas. Please consult a specialist.","pricing_book":"Book an appointment","faq_heading":"Frequently Asked Questions","faq_q_1":"Is coronarography painful?","faq_a_1":"The procedure is performed under local anesthesia — the puncture itself may feel like mild pressure. A brief sensation of warmth may occur when the contrast agent is injected. General anesthesia is not required, and pain is generally not experienced.","faq_q_2":"How long does the procedure take?","faq_a_2":"The procedure itself takes 20–40 minutes. Afterward, the patient is monitored for several hours to check the puncture site and overall condition.","faq_q_3":"Is hospitalization required?","faq_a_3":"In most cases, coronarography is performed on a same-day basis — without extended hospitalization. The patient arrives in the morning and may be discharged in the evening. In some cases, inpatient monitoring may be required based on clinical indications.","faq_q_4":"When will the results be ready?","faq_a_4":"The physician communicates preliminary results immediately after the procedure. A written report describing the coronary artery status and treatment recommendations is issued on the same day or the next day.","faq_q_5":"Can coronarography be done for free in Saint Petersburg?","faq_a_5":"Yes. At Pirogov Clinic in Saint Petersburg, coronarography is available free of charge under CHI and federal quotas with the appropriate referral. Paid diagnostics allow you to be examined at a convenient time without waiting.","doctors_heading":"Doctors Performing Coronarography at Pirogov Clinic","doctors_appointment":"Appointment:","doctors_book":"Book an appointment"}},"diseases":{"page_title":"Diseases of the cardiovascular system.","page_description":"We invite patients with heart and cardiovascular diseases to be examined. Diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases.","diseases_title":"Heart Diseases","diseases_text1":"

It is generally believed that older people usually suffer from heart disease. However, statistics show that recently the age of patients with cardiovascular diseases has significantly aged.

Bad habits, stress, hereditary factors — all this affects the condition of the most important vital organ. It often happens that nothing bothers the patient, however, pathological processes are already developing in his body, which can lead to a tragic outcome.

To avoid serious and, often, unexpected consequences of diseases of the cardiovascular system, it is necessary to systematically, starting from the age of 35-40 years, check the condition of the heart and blood vessels, performing basic diagnostics: ECG, ultrasound, daily monitoring of ECG by Holter, duplex scanning of BCA, and, of course, consult a cardiologist in a timely manner.

Diseases of the cardiovascular system are divided into two types: organic heart pathologies and cardiac arrhythmias.

","photo_title":"

Larisa Kalashnikova

Senior cardiologist of the department

","description":"Description of the disease","cause":"Cause of the disease","symptoms":"Symptoms of the disease","risk":"Risk assessment","diagnostics":"Diagnostics of the disease","classification":"Classification of disease forms","treatment":"Treatment of the disease","surgical_treatment":"Types of surgical treatment","prognosis":"Treatment prognosis","diseases_heart":"Organic pathologies of the heart","diseases_rythm":"Heart Rhythm Disorders","aortic_aneurysm_title":"Aortic Aneurysm and Dissections","aortic_aneurysm_description":"Expansion of a vessel with a risk of rupture or dissection, threatening life.","aortic_stenosis_title":"Aortic Stenosis","aortic_stenosis_description":"Narrowing of the aortic valve, disrupting blood flow and leading to heart failure and risk of severe complications.","atherosclerosis_title":"Atherosclerosis","atherosclerosis_description":"Narrowing of arteries due to cholesterol plaques, leading to impaired blood flow and risk of heart attack, stroke, or gangrene.","hypertrophic_cardiomyopathy_title":"Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","hypertrophic_cardiomyopathy_description":"Thickening of the heart muscle, disrupting blood flow and threatening heart failure or sudden death.","dilated_cardiomyopathy_title":"Dilated Cardiomyopathy","dilated_cardiomyopathy_description":"Enlargement of the heart chambers, causing heart failure and a high risk of death.","ischemic_heart_disease_title":"Ischemic Heart Disease","ischemic_heart_disease_description":"Narrowing of the heart vessels, causing angina, heart attack, or death.","ischemic_cardiomyopathy_title":"Ischemic Cardiomyopathy","ischemic_cardiomyopathy_description":"Impaired blood supply to the heart, causing its enlargement and heart failure.","mitral_stenosis_title":"Mitral Stenosis","mitral_stenosis_description":"Narrowing of the mitral valve, leading to blood congestion in the lungs, shortness of breath, and risk of heart failure or death.","heart_defects_title":"Heart Defects","heart_defects_description":"Damage to the heart valves, causing heart failure and requiring surgical treatment.","internal_carotid_artery_stenosis_title":"Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis","internal_carotid_artery_stenosis_description":"Narrowing of blood vessels due to atherosclerotic plaques, increasing the risk of ischemic stroke, especially when narrowing exceeds 70%.","heart_tumors_title":"Heart tumors","heart_tumors_description":"Benign or malignant tumors disrupting heart function and threatening embolisms or strokes.","atrioventricular_nodal_reentrant_tachycardia_title":"Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia (AVNRT)","atrioventricular_nodal_reentrant_tachycardia_description":"Congenital conduction disorder causing episodes of rapid heartbeat, treated with radiofrequency ablation.","sudden_cardiac_death_title":"Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD)","sudden_cardiac_death_description":"Cardiac arrest due to arrhythmias, prevented by an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.","ventricular_tachycardia_title":"Ventricular Tachycardia (VT)","ventricular_tachycardia_description":"A dangerous arrhythmia threatening death, treated with medications, radiofrequency ablation, or a cardioverter-defibrillator.","wpw_syndrome_title":"WPW Syndrome (Wolff-Parkinson-White)","wpw_syndrome_description":"A congenital disorder with an additional conduction pathway in the heart, causing episodes of rapid heartbeat.","atrial_flutter_title":"Atrial Flutter","atrial_flutter_description":"A rhythm disorder with frequent atrial contractions, threatening stroke and heart failure.","atrial_fibrillation_title":"Atrial Fibrillation (AF)","atrial_fibrillation_description":"An irregular heart rhythm increasing the risk of stroke and heart failure.","extrasystole_title":"Extrasystole","extrasystole_description":"Premature heart contractions causing sensations of 'skipped beats' or 'thumps'.","diseases_main_symptoms":"Main Symptoms of Heart Diseases","diseases_symptoms":"

Pressure or sharp pain behind the sternum (may radiate to the shoulder or neck).

Shortness of breath, even at rest.

Irregular pulse at rest and during moderate exertion.

Presence of edema due to heart failure.

General weakness and excessive fatigue during typical daily activities.

Rapid fluctuations in blood pressure due to cardiac muscle pathology.

Severe cough, which may occur in the presence of heart failure.

","diseases_note_text":"If you experience any of these symptoms, we recommend scheduling an appointment with a cardiologist for the diagnosis of your heart and cardiovascular system.","how_to_schedule_appointment":"How to Schedule an Appointment","ischemic-cardiomyopathy":{"hero_badge":"Heart Conditions · Saint Petersburg","hero_heading":"Ischemic Cardiomyopathy","hero_subtitle":"A form of ischemic heart disease with chamber dilation and reduced cardiac pumping function","hero_oms_note":"Diagnosis and treatment are available under CHI and federal quotas","hero_book":"Book a cardiologist appointment","toc_heading":"Table of Contents","toc_item_about":"What It Is","toc_item_causes":"Causes","toc_item_symptoms":"Symptoms","toc_item_diagnostics":"Diagnosis","toc_item_treatment":"Treatment","toc_item_prognosis":"Prognosis","toc_item_faq":"FAQ","video_heading":"Patient Story","video_caption":"A patient's story about their treatment at our clinic","about_heading":"What Is Ischemic Cardiomyopathy","about_text":"Ischemic cardiomyopathy is a form of chronic ischemic heart disease in which prolonged inadequate blood supply weakens and thins the heart muscle: the cardiac chambers, primarily the left ventricle, dilate and pumping function declines.","about_link":"Learn more about ischemic heart disease","causes_heading":"Causes","causes_p1":"Ischemic cardiomyopathy is caused by inadequate oxygen and other essential nutrient supply to the myocardium due to impaired blood flow through the coronary arteries.","causes_p2":"Key causes: severe narrowing of the coronary artery lumen, a prior myocardial infarction, and a long history of ischemic heart disease and hypertension. As a result, the heart muscle shifts into an \"energy-saving\" mode and contracts more weakly.","symptoms_heading":"Symptoms","symptoms_item_1":"Chest discomfort and pressing/burning pain (angina) that worsens with physical exertion","symptoms_item_2":"Shortness of breath during physical and emotional exertion that worsens over time","symptoms_item_3":"A cough unrelated to a cold","symptoms_item_4":"Weakness during ordinary physical activity","symptoms_item_5":"Swelling of the ankles and lower legs","symptoms_item_6":"Heaviness or dull pain in the right upper abdomen (congestion, enlarged liver)","symptoms_item_7":"Irregular heartbeat","symptoms_note":"The appearance of these symptoms is a reason to see a cardiologist as soon as possible.","diagnostics_heading":"Diagnosis","diagnostics_step_1_title":"Cardiologist Consultation","diagnostics_step_1_desc":"Clarifying symptoms and risk factors.","diagnostics_step_2_title":"Chest X-ray","diagnostics_step_2_desc":"May suggest an enlarged heart.","diagnostics_step_3_title":"ECG","diagnostics_step_3_desc":"Signs of a prior infarction, ischemia and myocardial hypertrophy.","diagnostics_step_4_title":"Echocardiography – key method","diagnostics_step_4_desc":"Assessment of pumping function (ejection fraction), chamber size and wall thickness.","diagnostics_step_5_title":"Stress Echocardiography","diagnostics_step_5_desc":"For inconclusive clinical and instrumental findings (1–4).","diagnostics_step_6_title":"Coronary Angiography","diagnostics_step_6_desc":"Identifies the underlying cause — an atherosclerotic plaque impairing myocardial blood supply.","diagnostics_link":"Learn more about coronary angiography","treatment_heading":"Treatment","treatment_intro":"The strategy is chosen individually based on examination results. Main treatment directions:","treatment_item_1":"Medication therapy — drugs for heart failure and ischemic heart disease, risk-factor control, lifestyle changes","treatment_item_2":"Restoring blood flow (revascularization) — for significant arterial disease: coronary artery stenting or coronary artery bypass grafting","treatment_item_3":"Ongoing follow-up and rehabilitation under a cardiologist's supervision","treatment_related_1_title":"Coronary Angiography","treatment_related_1_desc":"Diagnosis of coronary artery disease","treatment_related_1_link":"Learn more about coronary angiography","treatment_related_2_title":"Coronary Artery Stenting","treatment_related_2_desc":"Restoring blood flow with an endovascular method","treatment_related_2_link":"Learn more about stenting","treatment_related_3_title":"Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting","treatment_related_3_desc":"Surgical restoration of blood flow around affected arteries","treatment_related_3_link":"Learn more about CABG","prognosis_heading":"Prognosis","prognosis_p1":"With its natural course, the prognosis is unfavorable: once symptoms appear, the disease progresses quickly and can lead to disability.","prognosis_p2":"With timely treatment, the long-term prognosis is favorable.","oms_heading":"Treatment Under CHI and Quotas","oms_text":"Diagnosis and treatment at Pirogov Clinic are available under Compulsory Health Insurance (CHI) and federal quotas when indications and a referral are in place. Our administrators will help with the paperwork.","oms_book":"Book an appointment","faq_heading":"Frequently Asked Questions","faq_q_1":"What is ischemic cardiomyopathy in simple terms?","faq_a_1":"It is a weakening of the heart muscle due to prolonged inadequate blood supply. The heart's chambers dilate and pumping function declines. Essentially, it is a severe form of ischemic heart disease.","faq_q_2":"How does ischemic cardiomyopathy differ from other cardiomyopathies?","faq_a_2":"Its cause is specifically myocardial ischemia due to coronary artery disease (usually from IHD or a prior infarction). Non-ischemic cardiomyopathies develop from other causes unrelated to narrowing of the heart's vessels.","faq_q_3":"What are the causes of ischemic cardiomyopathy?","faq_a_3":"Inadequate blood supply to the myocardium due to significant coronary artery narrowing, a prior myocardial infarction, and previously performed stenting or bypass surgery.","faq_q_4":"What are the symptoms of ischemic cardiomyopathy?","faq_a_4":"Shortness of breath that worsens over time, weakness on exertion, swelling of the ankles and lower legs, chest pain or discomfort, a cough unrelated to a cold, heaviness in the right upper abdomen, and an irregular heartbeat.","faq_q_5":"Why is ischemic cardiomyopathy dangerous?","faq_a_5":"Without treatment it progresses quickly, leading to severe heart failure, rhythm disturbances, disability, and an increased risk of a poor outcome. That is why starting treatment as early as possible matters.","faq_q_6":"How is ischemic cardiomyopathy diagnosed?","faq_a_6":"It starts with a cardiologist consultation, an ECG, echocardiography (assessing ejection fraction and heart size) and a chest X-ray. When indicated, an exercise stress test and coronary angiography are performed to identify coronary artery disease.","faq_q_7":"What is ejection fraction and why does it matter?","faq_a_7":"Ejection fraction shows what proportion of blood the heart pumps out with each contraction. Normally it is about 55–65%. In ischemic cardiomyopathy it is often reduced, and its value helps assess disease severity and guide treatment.","faq_q_8":"How is ischemic cardiomyopathy treated?","faq_a_8":"Treatment is comprehensive: medication therapy for heart failure and IHD, risk-factor control, and — for significant arterial disease — restoring blood flow with stenting or coronary artery bypass grafting. The strategy is determined individually by the physician.","faq_q_9":"Can ischemic cardiomyopathy be completely cured?","faq_a_9":"Already-damaged myocardium cannot be fully restored, but timely treatment and, when needed, surgery can halt progression, reduce symptoms, and improve quality and length of life.","faq_q_10":"What is the prognosis and life expectancy?","faq_a_10":"With its natural course, the prognosis is unfavorable. However, quality diagnosis, well-chosen treatment, and timely intervention substantially improve the prognosis and extend life. The exact prognosis depends on the extent of disease and is determined by the physician.","faq_q_11":"When is surgery — bypass or stenting — needed?","faq_a_11":"Restoring blood flow is indicated for significant coronary artery narrowing. The choice between stenting and coronary artery bypass grafting depends on the nature of the disease and the patient's condition; the heart team decides based on coronary angiography results.","faq_q_12":"Is disability granted for ischemic cardiomyopathy?","faq_a_12":"With severe heart failure and reduced ability to work, disability status may be granted. This is decided individually based on examination results and physicians' conclusions.","faq_q_13":"How can disease progression be slowed?","faq_a_13":"It is important to regularly take prescribed medications, control blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar, quit smoking, maintain manageable physical activity, and stay under a cardiologist's follow-up.","faq_q_14":"Can diagnosis and treatment be done under CHI or a quota?","faq_a_14":"Yes. Diagnosis and treatment at Pirogov Clinic are available under Compulsory Health Insurance (CHI) and federal quotas when indications and a referral are in place. Our administrators will help with the paperwork.","faq_q_15":"Which doctor should I see if ischemic cardiomyopathy is suspected?","faq_a_15":"A cardiologist. If surgical treatment is needed, cardiovascular surgeons and endovascular specialists join the care team."}},"feedback":{"title":"Reviews","text_reviews":"Text Reviews","video_reviews":"Video Reviews","leave_review":"Tell us about your stay","anon":"Anonymous","original_prodoctorov":"Original review left on","original_napopravku":"Original review left on","original_clinic":"Review is left

in the Clinic","read_original":"Read review origin","text":{"page_title":"Reviews of the Center for Cardiac Surgery and Cardiology","page_description":"Feedback from our patients about the work of specialists: doctors, medical staff. Reviews of treatment in our clinic of cardiac surgery and cardiology."},"video":{"page_title":"Video reviews of the Center for Cardiac Surgery and Cardiology","page_description":"Learn firsthand about the work of our doctors, medical staff and the level of care provided in our Center."}},"for-patient":{"guest-stay":{"page_title":"Accommodation for guests.","page_description":"Where to stay for relatives and friends of patients of the Center for Cardiac Surgery and Interventional Cardiology in St. Petersburg.","message":"The Center does not have its own hostel, but we have collected information for you about nearby hotels based on patient reviews."},"heart-surgery":{"page_title":"Heart surgery. The cost of heart surgery","page_description":"Should I have a heart operation? Paid and free heart surgeries at the N.I. Pirogov Cardiac Surgery Hospital. Heart surgery by quotas and compulsory medical insurance."},"how-to-schedule-an-appointment":{"page_title":"An appointment with a cardiac surgeon. Get an appointment with a heart surgeon.","page_description":"Diagnosis and treatment of heart and cardiovascular diseases by the best cardiologists and cardiac surgeons in St. Petersburg.","page_heading":"How to Schedule an Appointment","outpatient_section_title":"Outpatient Specialist Consultation and Diagnostics","outpatient_hours_note":"Available daily from 08:00 to 21:00 by phone:","outpatient_phone_primary":"+7 (812) 676-25-25","outpatient_phone_tollfree":"+7 (800) 250-30-32","nonresident_section_title":"For Non-Resident Patients","nonresident_contact_note":"Patients residing outside Saint Petersburg may contact a cardiac surgeon through the Center’s administrator daily from 09:00 to 16:00 using the following phone numbers or email:","nonresident_phone_city":"+7 (812) 676-25-14","nonresident_phone_mobile":"+7 (999) 238-01-36","nonresident_online_banner_title":"Can't come to Saint Petersburg?","nonresident_online_banner_desc":"Get an expert opinion from our specialist over a video call, wherever you are.","documents_section_title":"Required Documents","documents_intro":"For a specialist consultation, the following medical documents are required:","ecg_title":"ECG","ecg_note":"(report)","echo_title":"Echocardiography","echo_note":"(cardiac ultrasound)","angiography_title":"Coronary Angiography","angiography_note":"(if available)","consultations_title":"Reports from Other Specialists","consultations_note":"(if comorbidities are present)","additional_section_title":"Additional Requirements","vascular_case_title":"In Cases of Vascular Pathology:","vascular_case_item_1":"Duplex scanning of the brachiocephalic arteries, aorta, and lower limb arteries","arrhythmia_case_title":"In Cases of Cardiac Arrhythmia:","arrhythmia_case_item_1":"24-hour Holter ECG monitoring","arrhythmia_case_item_2":"All ambulatory ECG monitoring results (scans of all pages)","arrhythmia_case_item_3":"ECG documenting the recorded arrhythmia","arrhythmia_case_item_4":"Echocardiography report","missing_info_heading":"Didn't Find What You Were Looking For?","missing_info_subtitle":"We're here to help — reach out any way that's convenient for you.","cardio_club_banner_title":"Ask a Question in the Cardio Club","missing_info_contact_note":"Or contact us directly:"},"preparation-for-hospitalization":{"page_title":"Preparation for hospitalization at the Cardiac Surgery Center","page_description":"Important steps in preparation for hospitalization and preoperative examinations.","page_heading":"Preparation for Hospitalization","intro_text":"Preparing for hospitalization involves several important stages, and at every one of them the administrators of the Cardiac Surgery Center will provide you with the support you need.","team_link_text":"Meet the administrators team","important_label":"IMPORTANT!","pre_exam_warning_text":"You should only start the preoperative examinations once you know your hospitalization date.","stages_heading":"Preparation stages:","stage1_title":"1. Consultation with a cardiac surgeon:","stage1_text":"At this stage, the doctor will confirm whether surgical treatment is necessary.","stage2_title":"2. Confirming the hospitalization date:","stage2_text":"A Center administrator will call you to choose and confirm your hospitalization date.","stage3_title":"3. Receiving the list of preoperative examinations:","stage3_text":"Once the hospitalization date is confirmed, a list of the required examinations will be sent to your email.","exam_lists_label":"Lists of preoperative examinations:","exam_list_coronarography":"For coronary angiography and stenting of coronary and peripheral arteries","exam_list_open_heart":"For open-heart surgery and thoracic aorta surgery","exam_list_aorta":"For aorta and peripheral artery surgery","exam_list_rfa":"For radiofrequency ablation and pacemaker/ICD/CRT implantation","exam_list_cardioversion":"For electrical cardioversion","stage4_title":"4. Completing the examinations:","stage4_text":"Complete all examinations, making sure the results will still be valid on the date of hospitalization.","stage5_title":"5. Sending the results:","stage5_text":"Once the examinations are complete, send the results to the administrator by email at","stage6_title":"6. Arriving at the clinic:","stage6_text":"Arrive on the scheduled day. Please note that the admission process may take some time due to the discharge of other patients. The Center's staff will do their best to keep any inconvenience to a minimum.","post_exam_warning_text":"Failure to complete the required preoperative preparation may result in your hospitalization being denied."},"how-to-get-treatment":{"page_title":"How to Get Heart Surgery at the SPbU Cardiac Surgery Center","page_description":"A step-by-step patient journey at the SPbU Cardiac Surgery Center: which documents you need, how to arrange a quota for High-Tech Care, where to send your discharge summary, and when hospitalization is scheduled.","page_heading":"How to Get Heart Surgery at the SPbU Cardiac Surgery Center","toc_heading":"Contents","back_to_top":"Back to top","journey_heading":"Step-by-step patient journey","journey_intro":"Eight steps from your first contact to admission. Each step links to a detailed description below.","s_after_consultation_title":"What to do if you were recommended heart surgery","s_after_consultation_text":"If a cardiologist or cardiac surgeon has recommended surgery, the next step is to contact the Cardiac Surgery Center: send your discharge summary and test results to hospital@spbu.ru. A cardiac surgeon will review the documents and tell you what treatment is indicated and on what terms — CHI (OMS), a VMP quota, or a paid basis. The full journey from first contact to hospitalization is described step by step below.","s_how_to_apply_title":"How to apply for treatment","s_how_to_apply_text":"To apply for treatment at the Center, send your discharge summary, ECG and echocardiogram results, and any other tests you already have to hospital@spbu.ru. A cardiac surgeon will review the documents and give you a decision on your case. If you need to clarify details before sending documents, you can book an outpatient appointment or an online consultation.","s_how_to_apply_link":"How to schedule an appointment","s_oms_vmp_title":"CHI and High-Tech Care (VMP): what's the difference?","s_oms_vmp_text":"CHI (OMS) is baseline treatment under a mandatory health insurance policy valid across Russia. VMP (High-Tech Medical Care) is a separate program for more complex, costly procedures — such as open-heart surgery — for which eligibility is arranged as a quota. Which program applies to your case is determined by the cardiac surgeon after reviewing your documents.","s_oms_vmp_link":"More about quota-based treatment","s_quota_title":"How do I get a quota for heart surgery?","s_quota_text":"A quota is a voucher for High-Tech Care (VMP) that entitles you to free surgery under the state healthcare guarantee program. In most cases the voucher is arranged by the Center itself, and you do not need to contact your regional Department of Health. The exception is residents of Rostov Oblast, who must submit their documents to the Ministry of Health in Rostov-on-Don.","s_quota_link":"More about free treatment","s_documents_title":"Which documents should I prepare?","s_documents_text":"To apply to the Center you need: a discharge summary with your diagnosis and a surgery recommendation, an ECG, an echocardiogram, and — if available — coronary angiography results and other specialists' opinions for any co-existing conditions. Vascular conditions or arrhythmias may require additional testing. A referral on form 057/у is the standard Russian referral for a consultation at another medical institution, issued by your treating physician.","s_documents_link":"Preparing documents for an appointment","s_tests_title":"Which tests are needed?","s_tests_text":"The exact list of preoperative tests depends on the type of surgery and is emailed to you once the hospitalization date is agreed. Below are indicative checklists by procedure type — start testing only once you know your hospitalization date, otherwise the results may expire before admission.","s_tests_link":"Full page on preparing for hospitalization","s_review_title":"How is my case reviewed?","s_review_text":"A Center cardiac surgeon reviews the documents you sent and determines what treatment is indicated. If the materials are not enough, you will be invited to an in-person or online consultation. Once the review is complete, you will be told the treatment decision: whether surgery is indicated, the planned method, and the terms.","s_admission_title":"How is hospitalization scheduled?","s_admission_text":"Once a treatment decision has been made, a Center administrator will call you to agree on a hospitalization date. If the proposed date does not work for you, let the administrator know — rescheduling is handled case by case.","s_preparation_title":"Preparing for surgery","s_preparation_text":"Preparation involves several stages: a cardiac surgeon consultation, agreeing on a date, receiving the list of tests by email, completing the tests, and sending the results to hospital@spbu.ru. Not meeting the preparation requirements can result in the hospitalization being declined.","s_preparation_link":"Full description of hospitalization preparation","s_other_regions_title":"Patients from other regions","s_other_regions_text":"The Center accepts patients from any Russian region under CHI, quota, or paid terms. The entire initial stage — from sending documents to receiving a treatment decision — can be done remotely, and a paid online consultation is available if you cannot travel to Saint Petersburg in person.","s_other_regions_link_expert":"Online consultation for patients from other regions","s_other_regions_link_guest_stay":"Accommodation for accompanying relatives","s_other_regions_link_appointment_schedule":"Regional appointment schedule","s_other_regions_link_cooperation":"Referral from a regional physician","s_faq_title":"Frequently asked questions","faq_appointment_title":"Ready to discuss your case — book an appointment","faq_appointment_phone_label":"Phone:","faq_appointment_email_label":"Email for documents:","faq_cooperation_banner_title":"Regional cooperation","faq_cooperation_banner_desc":"Referring patients through telemedicine, on-site workshops, and joint work with regional physicians and health ministries.","faq_cooperation_banner_cta":"Learn more","s_contacts_title":"Contacts and sending documents","s_contacts_intro":"Documents and test results are sent by email to hospital@spbu.ru — not through the callback form on this site. The form below only requests a call back from a Center administrator.","phone_hospitalization_label":"Hospitalization (Mon–Fri, 9:00 AM–4:00 PM):","phone_outpatient_label":"Outpatient appointments (daily, 8:00 AM–9:00 PM):","phone_regions_label":"Regions and general questions:","email_label":"Documents and test results:","address_label":"Address:","address_text":"190103, St. Petersburg, Fontanka River Embankment, Building 154B"}},"free-treatment":{"page_title":"Quota treatment in St. Petersburg","page_description":"Get free heart quota treatment this year. We perform heart surgery according to federal quotas and compulsory medical insurance.","title":"Free Treatment","note":"The Center of Cardiac Surgery provides specialized, including high-tech medical care included in the Program of state guarantees for the provision of free medical care to citizens of the Russian Federation insured in the system of compulsory medical Insurance of Russia.","text_1":"The Center provides all the main types of surgical treatment of diseases of the cardiovascular system according to compulsory medical insurance and federal quotas.","text_2":"A ticket for the federal quota can be issued by our institution. In most cases, the patient does not need to contact the local Health Department. Patients living in the Rostov region must submit a package of documents to the Ministry of Health in the city of Rostov-on-Don.","button_1":"List of operating procedures","button_2":"List of diseases"},"jobs":{"page_title":"Jobs in the Center of Cardiac Surgery and Interventional Cardiology","page_description":"Jobs and fresh vacancies for doctors at the Center of Cardiac Surgery and Interventional Cardiology.","work_with_us":"Work with Us","currently_no_vacancies":"Currently, there are no open vacancies.","but_you_can_email_us":"But you can always send your resume to our email address:","details":"Details","salary":"Monthly Salary","work-schedule":"Work Schedule","responsibilities":"Responsibilities","requirements":"Requirements","conditions":"Conditions","contacts":"Contacts"},"news":{"page_title":"News from the Center of Cardiac Surgery and Interventional Cardiology","page_description":"Read the latest news from the Center for Cardiac Surgery and Interventional Cardiology","news_link":"Read article"},"paid-treatment":{"page_title":"Paid treatment at the Cardiac Surgery Center","page_description":"Individual approach and surgical treatment for paid services at the Cardiac Surgery Center. Find out more!","title":"Paid Treatment","note":"Cardiac Surgery Center provides an opportunity to undergo all types of diagnostics, specialist consultations and surgical treatment on a paid basis.","title_diagnostics":"Outpatient Diagnostics","title_outpatient":"Outpatient appointments of specialist doctors","desc_diagnostics":"Registration from 8.00 to 21.00 by phone:","desc_outpatient":"Registration from 8.00 to 21.00 by phone:","outpatient_cardiologists":"Cardiologists","outpatient_surgents":"Cardiovascular surgeons","outpatient_expert":"Expert opinion of a specialist doctor (online)","outpatient_expert_desc":"Patients living outside St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region can get an expert opinion from a specialist doctor online. Duration of the video call is 30 minutes.","outpatient_expert_price":"4,000 ₽","outpatient_expert_cta":"Learn more","outpatient_surgeon_choice":"Surgeon Assignment Service","outpatient_surgeon_choice_desc":"Guaranteed surgery with the cardiac surgeon of your choice, with date coordination within the department's schedule.","outpatient_surgeon_choice_price":"226,400 ₽","outpatient_surgeon_choice_cta":"Learn more","outpatient_nursing":"Professional nursing care","outpatient_nursing_desc":"Individual patient care by a nurse of the Department of Cardiac Surgery in the postoperative period for a rapid recovery.","outpatient_nursing_price":"from 7,000 ₽","outpatient_nursing_cta":"Learn more","title_operations":"The cost of surgical operations (completed case)","operations_desc":"

As you know, the time frame for obtaining a quota for surgery does not always meet the expectations of patients and can last for many months.

In case of emergency and in the absence of alternative treatment options, we are ready to offer patients quick hospitalization on a paid basis.

In this case, accelerated preoperative examinations will be required, which can also be performed on the basis of our institution.

We accept payment both in cash and by wire transfer before the start of your hospitalization.

","operations_phone":"Registration for a paid operation by phone:","expert-opinion-online":{"hero_badge":"PAID SERVICE · ONLINE","hero_heading":"Expert Opinion from a Specialist (Online)","hero_subtitle":"For patients living outside of Saint Petersburg and the Leningrad Region.","hero_duration":"Video call — 30 minutes","hero_price":"4,000 ₽","hero_book":"Book online","doctors_heading":"Doctors providing online talks","doctors_book":"Book now","how_heading":"How to get a consultation","how_step_1_title":"Registration","how_step_1_desc_before":"Register in your personal account at ","how_step_1_desc_after":" or download the Clinic SPbU mobile app for iOS or Android.","how_step_2_title":"Choose a service","how_step_2_desc":"In the \"Online booking\" section, select the \"Online talk\" with a cardiologist.","how_step_3_title":"Date and time","how_step_3_desc":"Choose a convenient date or click the \"Nearest available time\" button.","how_step_4_title":"Payment and consultation","how_step_4_desc":"Pay for the service, open the app at the selected time and ask all your questions.","how_appstore_label":"Download on","how_googleplay_label":"Get it on","how_browser_label":"Online","how_browser_title":"in browser","how_tip_label":"Tip:","how_tip":"we recommend preparing a pen and paper so you can take notes of all the important information.","docs_banner_title":"Already had some tests done?","docs_banner_desc_before":"Send your existing medical documents to ","docs_banner_desc_after":" — the doctor will be able to review them in advance before the consultation.","docs_banner_cta":"Send documents","troubleshoot_heading":"Having trouble booking?","troubleshoot_desc":"If you encounter any problems during the booking process, please contact the Center's administrators:","troubleshoot_disclaimer_label":"Please note:","troubleshoot_disclaimer":"this service does not include prescribing medication or issuing a doctor's report.","faq_heading":"Frequently Asked Questions","faq_q_1":"What is an expert opinion from a specialist?","faq_a_1":"It is a remote consultation during which the doctor reviews the medical documents you provide, answers your questions, explains the specifics of your condition, describes modern methods of diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation, and helps determine the next steps to take.","faq_q_2":"In which cases is an online talk suitable?","faq_a_2":"An expert opinion can be helpful if you have already been diagnosed and want a specialist's second opinion, need help understanding your test results, want to clarify possible treatment options, want recommendations after treatment or surgery, or if you live in another region and cannot come for an in-person visit.","faq_q_3":"Can a doctor make a diagnosis or prescribe treatment online?","faq_a_3":"No. During an online talk the doctor does not make a diagnosis or prescribe treatment. The specialist provides an expert opinion, answers your questions, explains the specifics of your condition and, if needed, recommends further tests or an in-person visit.","faq_q_4":"What documents should I prepare before the consultation?","faq_a_4":"We recommend preparing in advance discharge summaries from medical institutions, test results, specialists' reports, CT, MRI, ultrasound and other examination results, and a list of medications you are taking (if any). Also prepare a list of questions you would like to discuss with the doctor.","faq_q_5":"How do I prepare for an online talk?","faq_a_5":"Choose a quiet place where no one will distract you, and check your internet connection, camera and microphone in advance. Prepare your medical documents and list of questions — this will help make the consultation as useful as possible.","faq_q_6":"What should I do if technical problems occur during the consultation?","faq_a_6":"If connection problems occur during the consultation, it can be rescheduled to another convenient time once the technical issues are resolved.","faq_q_7":"Can I invite a relative to the consultation?","faq_a_7":"Yes. With your consent, a close relative can take part in the consultation. This helps you better absorb the information and not miss any important recommendations from the doctor.","faq_q_8":"Do I need to come to the Clinic after an online talk?","faq_a_8":"Not always. If an in-person examination or additional tests are needed to assess your condition, the doctor will let you know during the consultation.","faq_q_9":"Which specialties offer an expert opinion?","faq_a_9":"Online talks are available in the Clinic's leading specialties: cardiology and cardiovascular surgery, urology and oncourology, obstetrics, gynecology and gynecologic oncology, surgery, oncology and chemotherapy."},"choose-your-surgeon":{"hero_badge":"Paid service","hero_heading":"Surgeon Assignment Service","hero_subtitle":"Guaranteed surgery with the cardiac surgeon of your choice.","hero_cta":"Book a consultation","team_heading":"Surgical Team","team_desc":"Heart surgeries at the Pirogov Clinic of High Medical Technologies of St. Petersburg State University are performed by a team of experienced surgeons. Our doctors hold doctoral and candidate degrees in medical science, the highest qualification category, and membership in Russian and international associations. Every specialist regularly completes internships at leading clinics around the world.","team_stat_1_value":"3,000+","team_stat_1_label":"operations per year","team_stat_2_value":"Doctors and candidates of science","team_stat_2_label":"academic degrees of doctors","team_stat_3_value":"Highest category","team_stat_3_label":"doctors' qualification","team_stat_4_value":"Internships","team_stat_4_label":"at leading clinics worldwide","surgeons_heading":"Our Surgeons","process_heading":"How the Operating Surgeon Is Assigned","process_step_1":"Patient admission","process_step_2":"Medical board review","process_step_3":"Assessment of profile and severity","process_step_4":"Surgeon assignment per work schedule","process_desc_1":"The decision to assign an operating surgeon to an admitted patient is made by a medical board headed by the deputy chief physician for medical affairs and the head of the department, in accordance with the work schedule, the patient's disease profile, and the severity of their condition.","process_desc_2":"Doctors carry out a large volume of surgical work and operate strictly according to a schedule determined by the patient admission plan. Because of this, surgeons' work is carefully planned, and unplanned changes to the schedule are not always possible.","program_heading":"Comprehensive Support Program","program_desc":"If you want a guaranteed operation with a specific specialist, you can order the additional paid service \"Comprehensive Support Program\".","program_price_label":"Service cost","program_price":"226,400 ₽","program_check_1":"Operation with the surgeon of your choice","program_check_2":"Date coordination within the department's schedule","notice_label":"Please note:","notice_text":"The \"Comprehensive Support Program\" is not a medical service. Expenses for service fees are not subject to a tax deduction, so applying for a tax deduction for this service is not provided for under Russian law.","payment_text":"Payment for the service is made at the cash desk of the Pirogov Clinic of High Medical Technologies of St. Petersburg State University, either by bank card or in cash.","booking_heading":"Book an Operation with Your Chosen Surgeon","booking_schedule":"Bookings are made by the department's administrators on weekdays, 9:00 AM–4:00 PM (Moscow time)"}},"regions":{"appointment-schedule":{"page_title":"Admission of cardiac surgeons and cardiologists in the regions of Russia","page_description":"Make an appointment in your city with cardiologists and cardiac surgeons from St. Petersburg.","title":"Schedule of appointments in the regions of Russia","city_event":{"page_title":"Patient Interview in {city} – {date} | Heart Surgery and Cardiology Center","page_description":"Specialists meet patients in {city} for heart surgery selection under insurance, quotas, or privately.","title":"Discussion with Cardiovascular Surgery Patients","announcement_one":"A specialist from the Saint-Petersburg's Center of Cardiac Surgery and Interventional Cardiology will hold discussions with patients in need of surgical treatment.","announcement_many":"Specialists from the Saint-Petersburg's Center of Cardiac Surgery and Interventional Cardiology will hold discussions with patients in need of surgical treatment.","doctors_one":"Participating Specialist","doctors_many":"Participating Specialists","place":"Meeting Location","open_maps":"Open in Maps","phones":"Contact phone number","to_have":"Please Bring with You","passport":"Passport","OMS":"Compulsory Medical Insurance (OMS) Policy","SNILS":"SNILS (Personal Insurance Number)","documents":"Available Medical Records","ecg":"ECG (with interpretation)","holter":"Holter Monitoring","coronarography":"Coronary Angiography","consultation":"Available Reports from Specialists"}},"cooperation":{"title":"Cooperation","text":"The Center for Cardiac Surgery and Interventional Cardiology of the Pirogov St. Petersburg State University Clinic actively cooperates with regional health departments, public and private medical institutions, as well as with specialist doctors on referral for treatment of specialized patients.","info":"For all questions","phone":"Phone:","email":"Email:","help_intro":"We are always glad to help colleagues within the telemedicine consultation system (TMK) and beyond. We are ready to cooperate with regional medical institutions:","help_item_1":"Organizing offsite master classes, training and internships at the SPbSU Clinic — reducing staff turnover through the opportunity to train on the job","help_item_2":"Conducting scientific research, articles, publications and trials, and participating in joint development and import substitution — we advance science not for reporting, but to improve people's lives","help_item_3":"Defending candidate and doctoral dissertations through our own dissertation council at St. Petersburg State University — helping applicants prove their expertise","reasons_heading":"Contact us if you have been looking for answers to these medical questions:","reasons_item_1":"Direct 24/7 contact when seeking an expert opinion","reasons_item_2":"Fast review of documents","reasons_item_3":"Adherence to the highest standards of care quality","reasons_item_4":"A personal approach and special attention to demanding patients","tmk_heading":"Our name in the TMK system","tmk_name":"Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education \"St. Petersburg State University\" (N.I. Pirogov VMT Clinic)"}},"rules":{"page_title":"Privacy Policy and Data Protection","page_description":"Learn about our Privacy Policy and data protection measures at our Cardiac Surgery and Cardiology Center. We ensure the confidentiality and security of your data.","title":"Privacy Policy and Data Protection","personal-data-consent":{"page_title":"Personal Data Processing Consent | Cardiovascular Surgery Center SPbU","page_description":"Review the terms of consent to personal data processing at the Center for Cardiovascular Surgery and Interventional Cardiology, N.I. Pirogov Clinic, St. Petersburg State University.","title":"Consent to the Processing of Personal Data","politics-agreement":"Privacy Policy and Personal Data Protection","metrics-consent":"Consent to the Processing of Personal Data Collected via Analytics Services","data-consent":"$68"},"metrics-consent":{"page_title":"Analytics Data Consent (Yandex Metrika) | Cardiovascular Surgery Center SPbU","page_description":"Terms of consent for the collection and processing of analytics data via the Yandex Metrika service on the website of the Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, N.I. Pirogov Clinic, St. Petersburg State University.","title":"Consent to the Processing of Personal Data Collected via Analytics Services","politics-agreement":"Privacy Policy and Personal Data Protection","personal-data-consent":"Consent to the Processing of Personal Data","metrics-consent":"$69"},"common":"$6a","terminology":"$6b","principals":"$6c","processing":"$6d","security":"$6e","duties":"$6f"},"structure":{"page_title":"The structure of the Center for Cardiac Surgery and Interventional Cardiology","page_description":"Departments of the Center: cardiac surgery, cardioreanimatology and anesthesiology, diagnostic Department of Cardiology, Department of Functional diagnostics, Department of X-ray endovascular examinations.","cardiosurgery":{"title":"Department of Cardiac Surgery","description":"High-tech surgical procedures for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, delivered in accordance with the most advanced standards of modern medical practice."},"cardioreanimatology":{"title":"Department of Cardiac Intensive Care and Anesthesiology","description":"Comprehensive postoperative patient monitoring with a high level of intensive care and anesthesiology support."},"functional":{"title":"Department of Functional Diagnostics","description":"Performance of functional tests and diagnostic procedures for a thorough and accurate assessment of the heart’s functional condition."},"outpatient":{"title":"Outpatient Diagnostic Department of Cardiology and Functional Diagnostics","description":"Outpatient cardiology consultations and functional examinations for accurate diagnosis and long-term management of cardiovascular diseases."},"outpatient_cardiology":{"title":"Department of Outpatient Cardiology","description":"Diagnosis and treatment of heart diseases using modern examination methods, including ECG, cardiac ultrasound, and 24-hour monitoring."},"redvil":{"title":"Department of X-ray Endovascular Diagnostics and Treatment","description":"Application of advanced X-ray endovascular diagnostic techniques and interventional procedures for precise identification and treatment of vascular conditions."},"outpatient-cardiology":{"seo_title":"Outpatient Cardiology at Stachek Square — Cardiologist Consultation | Pirogov Clinic","seo_description":"Outpatient facility of Pirogov Clinic at Stachek Square, 5 (Narvskaya metro): cardiologist consultations, ECG, echocardiography, Holter monitoring, and follow-up before and after heart surgery. Booking: +7 (812) 676-25-25.","seo_keyword_1":"outpatient cardiology","seo_keyword_2":"cardiologist at Stachek Square","seo_keyword_3":"cardiologist Narvskaya metro","seo_keyword_4":"Pirogov Clinic outpatient center","seo_keyword_5":"cardiologist consultation Saint Petersburg","seo_keyword_6":"ECG echocardiography Saint Petersburg","seo_keyword_7":"Holter monitoring","seo_keyword_8":"follow-up after heart surgery","seo_keyword_9":"cardiologist after bypass surgery","seo_keyword_10":"Pirogov Clinic cardiology","hero_heading":"Outpatient Cardiology","hero_lead":"The outpatient diagnostic and treatment facility of the N. I. Pirogov Clinic of High Medical Technologies at Stachek Square is a site for comprehensive diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of patients with heart and vascular disease.","hero_location_note":"Stachek Square, 5 · Narvskaya metro station · free parking","hero_book":"Book an appointment","hero_photo_alt":"Doctors of the Outpatient Cardiology Department of Pirogov Clinic at Stachek Square","toc_heading":"On this page","toc_item_about":"About the facility","toc_item_conditions":"What we treat","toc_item_surgery_care":"Before and after surgery","toc_item_diagnostics":"Diagnostics","toc_item_multidisciplinary":"Multidisciplinary approach","toc_item_expert_opinion":"Online expert opinion","toc_item_health_school":"Health school","toc_item_doctors":"Doctors","toc_item_preparation":"How to prepare","toc_item_location":"Address and hours","toc_item_faq":"FAQ","about_heading":"About the Treatment and Diagnostic Complex","about_p1":"The treatment and diagnostic complex at Stachek Square provides cardiologist consultations, a comprehensive cardiovascular work-up, and treatment adjustments. Based on the examination results, the physician determines the further course of care — from ongoing outpatient follow-up to a referral for a cardiovascular surgery consultation and admission to a specialized Pirogov Clinic hospital.","about_p2":"The facility's key advantage is continuity of care between outpatient cardiologists, functional diagnostics specialists, and physicians of the Center for Cardiac Surgery and Interventional Cardiology: patients gain access to Pirogov Clinic's unified system of care rather than a standalone consultation.","about_news_link":"Read the news about the department opening","about_photo_alt":"Doctors of the Outpatient Cardiology Department at Stachek Square","conditions_heading":"Conditions we consult on","conditions_intro":"Cardiologists of the outpatient department advise adult patients on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of:","conditions_item_1":"Arterial hypertension","conditions_item_2":"Ischemic heart disease, angina, and the after-effects of myocardial infarction","conditions_item_3":"Heart rhythm and conduction disorders","conditions_item_4":"Atrial fibrillation","conditions_item_5":"Chronic heart failure","conditions_item_6":"Heart valve defects","conditions_item_7":"Cardiomyopathies and myocarditis","conditions_item_8":"Atherosclerosis and lipid metabolism disorders","conditions_item_9":"Aortic disease","conditions_item_10":"Pulmonary embolism and pulmonary hypertension","conditions_item_11":"Syncope (fainting) of unclear origin","conditions_item_12":"A combination of cardiovascular disease with kidney disease, endocrine disorders, and other chronic conditions","conditions_outro":"You can also see a cardiologist to assess your individual cardiovascular risk, choose preventive measures, and prepare for surgery for a condition in another specialty.","surgery_heading":"Care Before and After Heart Surgery","surgery_intro":"Outpatient cardiologists at Pirogov Clinic support patients at every stage of treatment:","surgery_item_1":"perform a work-up and clarify the diagnosis","surgery_item_2":"select or adjust drug therapy","surgery_item_3":"assess indications for a consultation with a cardiovascular surgeon","surgery_item_4":"help patients prepare for surgery","surgery_item_5":"follow up patients after coronary stenting, coronary artery bypass grafting, surgery on the heart valves, the aorta, and other cardiovascular procedures","surgery_item_6":"monitor recovery progress and risk factors for recurring complications","surgery_note":"If the examination results indicate a need for surgical treatment, the patient may be referred to specialists at the Center for Cardiac Surgery and Interventional Cardiology of Pirogov Clinic. Complex cases are reviewed collegially, involving cardiologists, functional diagnostics specialists, and cardiovascular surgeons.","diagnostics_heading":"Diagnostic Capabilities at Stachek Square","diagnostics_intro":"Available at the facility:","diagnostics_item_1":"electrocardiography (ECG)","diagnostics_item_2":"echocardiography — ultrasound of the heart","diagnostics_item_3":"24-hour ECG and blood pressure monitoring","diagnostics_item_4":"cardiorespiratory monitoring of ECG and breathing","diagnostics_item_5":"ultrasound of the brachiocephalic arteries","diagnostics_item_6":"laboratory diagnostics","diagnostics_item_7":"consultations with functional diagnostics physicians","diagnostics_p1":"Functional diagnostics specialists work together with cardiologists and cardiovascular surgeons. Test results are used not only to make a diagnosis, but also to choose a treatment strategy, determine indications for surgery, and plan further follow-up.","diagnostics_p2":"If a patient needs stress testing, extended monitoring, programming of an implanted pacemaker, or additional diagnostic methods, the physician arranges a referral to another specialized Pirogov Clinic site.","diagnostics_photo_alt":"Functional diagnostics room of the Outpatient Cardiology Department","multi_heading":"A Multidisciplinary Approach","multi_p1":"Heart disease is often linked to diabetes, thyroid disorders, obesity, kidney disease, neurological conditions, and other chronic illnesses.","multi_p2":"Specialists from various fields see patients at the Stachek Square facility, including endocrinologists, nephrologists, neurologists, physicians, oncologists, psychotherapists, and surgeons. This allows, when needed, a comprehensive assessment of the patient and coordinated treatment across several specialties.","multi_p3":"A day hospital also operates at the facility, where medical care can be provided without a 24-hour hospital stay.","health_school_badge":"Free","health_school_heading":"The \"In Rhythm with the Heart\" Health School","health_school_p1":"Free classes of the \"In Rhythm with the Heart\" patient health school take place at the Stachek Square facility.","health_school_intro":"Cardiologists and related specialists cover:","health_school_item_1":"how to correctly measure and control blood pressure","health_school_item_2":"how to reduce cardiovascular risk","health_school_item_3":"how to recognize symptoms that require medical attention","health_school_item_4":"how to choose a safe level of physical activity","health_school_item_5":"how diet, hormones, and other factors affect the heart","health_school_item_6":"how to live fully with an established cardiovascular diagnosis","health_school_p2":"Participants can ask physicians questions and use the project’s dedicated information chat.","health_school_photo_alt":"A session of the \"In Rhythm with the Heart\" health school","doctors_heading":"Outpatient Cardiologists at Stachek Square","doctors_intro":"Consultations are provided by:","doctors_note":"We recommend checking the current schedule and staff on the official Pirogov Clinic website.","doctors_book":"Book","doctors_see_all":"See all department doctors","prep_heading":"How to Prepare for Your Consultation","prep_intro":"Please bring with you:","prep_item_1":"your passport and any necessary medical documents","prep_item_2":"hospital discharge summaries","prep_item_3":"results of previous ECG, echocardiography, Holter monitoring, lab tests, and other examinations","prep_item_4":"reports from cardiologists and cardiovascular surgeons","prep_item_5":"a list of medications you are taking, with dosages","prep_item_6":"a blood pressure and pulse diary, if you keep one","prep_note":"Complete medical information helps the physician assess changes over time and propose a well-founded plan going forward.","prep_schedule_link":"How to schedule an appointment","location_heading":"Address and Hours","location_address_label":"Address","location_address":"Saint Petersburg, Stachek Square, 5","location_metro_label":"Nearest metro station","location_metro":"\"Narvskaya\" — the facility is located next to the metro exit","location_parking":"Free car parking is available on site","location_hours_label":"Facility hours","location_hours_weekdays":"Monday – Friday","location_hours_weekdays_value":"8:00 AM – 8:00 PM","location_hours_saturday":"Saturday","location_hours_saturday_value":"9:00 AM – 4:00 PM","location_hours_sunday":"Sunday","location_hours_sunday_value":"Closed","location_phone_label":"Book an appointment","location_map_link":"Open on the map","faq_heading":"Frequently Asked Questions","faq_q_1":"How do I book an appointment at the Outpatient Cardiology Department at Stachek Square?","faq_a_1":"Call +7 (812) 676-25-25 or use the form on the website. Consultations are provided by Pirogov Clinic cardiologists, including the head of the department, Anna Olegovna Mahovikova.","faq_q_2":"What tests can I have done on site on the day of my visit?","faq_a_2":"The facility offers ECG, echocardiography, 24-hour ECG and blood pressure monitoring, cardiorespiratory monitoring, ultrasound of the brachiocephalic arteries, and laboratory diagnostics.","faq_q_3":"Do you follow up patients after heart surgery here?","faq_a_3":"Yes. Outpatient cardiologists follow up patients after stenting, coronary artery bypass grafting, and heart valve or aortic surgery, monitoring recovery and risk factors for recurring complications.","faq_q_4":"How do I get to the facility at Stachek Square?","faq_a_4":"The facility is located next to the exit of the \"Narvskaya\" metro station, at Stachek Square, 5. Free parking is available on site.","faq_q_5":"What should I bring to my first cardiologist consultation?","faq_a_5":"Your passport, medical documents, hospital discharge summaries, results of previous tests (ECG, echocardiography, Holter monitoring, lab work), physician reports, and a list of medications you are taking.","faq_q_6":"Can I get a cardiologist consultation remotely?","faq_a_6":"Yes, patients from other cities can use the \"Cardiologist Expert Opinion\" online service to discuss their condition and medical records with a Pirogov Clinic physician."}},"team":{"page_title":"Doctors of the Cardiac Surgery Center — St. Petersburg","page_description":"Cardiac surgeons, arrhythmologists, endovascular surgeons and cardiologists of the Pirogov Clinic, SPbU: experience, education, patient reviews. Book in St. Petersburg.","meet":"Meeting the Doctor","treat":"Treatment Profile","practice":"Medical Practice","education":"Education","certificates":"Certificates","achievements":"Achievements","reviews":"Reviews","reviews_about":"Last review about the doctor","read_reviews":"Read all reviews about the doctor","our_team":"Doctors of the Cardiac Surgery Center","cardio_surgeons":"Cardio Surgeons","arrythmologists":"Arrythmologists","cardiologists":"Cardiologists","outpatientCardiologists":"Department of Outpatient Cardiology","anesthesiologist":"Anesthesiologist","functional_diagnosticians":"Functional Diagnosticians","medical_sisters":"Nurses","administrators":"Administrators","find_doctor":"Find doctor by name...","banner_schedule_title":"How to Schedule an Appointment","banner_schedule_desc":"Find out how to quickly get a consultation with our specialists.","banner_schedule_cta":"Schedule an Appointment","banner_expert_opinion_title":"Expert Opinion Online","banner_expert_opinion_desc":"Can't come to Saint Petersburg? Get a specialist's expert opinion via video call.","banner_expert_opinion_cta":"Learn More","banner_max_title":"Cardio Club on MAX","banner_max_desc":"Join our Cardio Club on MAX, Russia's national messenger — news, answers from doctors, and useful materials about heart health.","banner_max_cta":"Join the Cardio Club","hero_image_alt":"Team of the Cardiac Surgery Center, Pirogov Clinic of SPbU","sections_label":"Doctor profile sections","book":"Book an appointment","cta_title":"Book an appointment","cta_text":"Leave a request and our administrator will call you back, find a convenient time and answer your questions about preparation.","cta_how":"How to book an appointment","choose_another":"Choose another doctor","video_title":"Video: {name}","rating_label":"Rated {rating} on {site} — opens in a new tab","external_profile":"Profile on the Pirogov Clinic website — opens in a new tab","price_title":"Consultation fee","price_primary":"First visit — {price, number} ₽","price_repeat":"Follow-up visit — {price, number} ₽","department_label":"Department:","issued_by":"Issued by: {issuer}"},"treatment":{"page_title":"Cardiac surgery on the heart. Treatment of heart and vascular diseases.","page_description":"Sign up for the treatment of heart diseases with the leading cardiologists and cardiac surgeons of our clinic. Admission according to federal quotas and compulsory medical insurance.","title":"Treatment of heart diseases","description":"Description of the procedure","preparation":"Patient preparation","operation":"Procedure process","aftercare":"Postoperative care","prognosis":"Treatment prognosis","title_stent_placement":"Coronary artery stenting","description_stent_placement":"Minimally invasive surgery that restores blood flow in the arteries of the heart, preventing heart attacks and other complications.","title_coronary_artery_bypass_grafting":"Coronary artery bypass grafting","description_coronary_artery_bypass_grafting":"Restores blood flow to the heart, bypassing narrowed arteries, improving the condition of coronary heart disease.","title_minimally_invasive_valve_replacement":"Minimally invasive valve replacement","description_minimally_invasive_valve_replacement":"A low-traumatic heart valve replacement surgery that accelerates recovery and reduces pain.","title_pacemaker_implantation":"Pacemaker implantation","description_pacemaker_implantation":"Installation of a heart rate monitoring device in patients with bradycardia.","title_carotid_endarterectomy":"Carotid endarterectomy","description_carotid_endarterectomy":"Removal of atherosclerotic plaques from the carotid artery, prevents stroke.","title_radiofrequency_ablation":"Radiofrequency ablation","description_radiofrequency_ablation":"Minimally invasive treatment of arrhythmias that restores a normal heart rhythm.","title_transcatheter_aortic_valve_implantation":"Transcatheter aortic valve implantation","description_transcatheter_aortic_valve_implantation":"Minimally invasive aortic valve replacement recommended for high-risk patients.","title_aorta_prosthesis":"Aortic prosthesis","description_aorta_prosthesis":"Surgery to replace the affected area of the aorta, preventing rupture of the aneurysm.","aorta-prosthesis":{"hero_badge":"Cardiac & Vascular Surgery · Saint Petersburg","hero_heading":"Aortic Prosthesis","hero_subtitle":"Surgical and endovascular treatment of aortic aneurysm — ascending aorta, arch, thoracic and abdominal aorta","hero_price_free":"Free of charge","hero_price_note":"under CHI and federal quotas","hero_book":"Book an appointment","toc_heading":"Table of Contents","toc_item_about":"What Is Aortic Prosthesis","toc_item_indications":"Indications","toc_item_methods":"Treatment Methods","toc_item_how":"How the Surgery Is Performed","toc_item_recovery":"Recovery","toc_item_oms":"Treatment Under CHI and Quotas","toc_item_doctors":"Doctors","toc_item_faq":"FAQ","about_heading":"What Is Aortic Prosthesis","about_p1":"The aorta is the main vessel carrying blood from the heart to all organs. With an aneurysm, its wall locally dilates and forms a \"sac\" that stretches over time and risks rupturing.","about_p2":"Aortic prosthesis is surgery that replaces the dilated segment of the vessel with a synthetic graft to prevent rupture. The Cardiac Surgery Center at Pirogov Clinic, Saint Petersburg State University, replaces every part of the aorta: ascending, arch, thoracic and abdominal.","about_link":"Learn more about aortic aneurysm","stats_heading":"Aortic Aneurysm in Numbers","stats_item_1_value":"5 cm","stats_item_1_label":"critical diameter at which rupture risk rises","stats_item_2_value":"+6 mm in 6 months","stats_item_2_label":"growth rate that indicates surgery","stats_item_3_value":"2 methods","stats_item_3_label":"open surgery and endovascular (stent-graft)","stats_item_4_value":"4 segments of the aorta","stats_item_4_label":"ascending, arch, thoracic, abdominal","indications_heading":"Indications for Surgery","indications_item_1":"Aortic aneurysm 5 cm in diameter or larger","indications_item_2":"Aneurysm growth of 6 mm or more over 6 months","indications_item_3":"Symptoms: pain, pulsation, compression of nearby organs","indications_item_4":"Signs of aortic dissection","indications_item_5":"Ascending aorta aneurysm with aortic valve involvement","methods_heading":"Treatment Methods","methods_item_1_title":"Open Prosthesis","methods_item_1_desc":"A universal method: the dilated segment is replaced with a synthetic graft, suitable for any part and type of lesion. For an ascending aorta aneurysm with valve involvement, both the aorta and the aortic valve are replaced. Requires cardiopulmonary bypass, sometimes complete circulatory arrest.","methods_item_2_title":"Endovascular Method (Stent-Graft, EVAR)","methods_item_2_desc":"Through small punctures in the thigh, a stent-graft (a frame covered with a sealed fabric) is placed inside the aneurysm. Minimally invasive, with a short recovery period. Suitability is determined by the surgeon from CT data.","how_heading":"How Treatment Proceeds","how_step_1_title":"Diagnostics","how_step_1_desc":"Contrast-enhanced CT aortography determines the location, diameter and extent of the aneurysm.","how_step_2_title":"Choosing the Method","how_step_2_desc":"A cardiovascular surgeon chooses an open or endovascular approach.","how_step_3_title":"Surgery","how_step_3_desc":"The affected segment is replaced with a graft, or a stent-graft is placed.","how_step_4_title":"Observation","how_step_4_desc":"In-hospital monitoring by specialists, followed by recommendations.","recovery_heading":"Recovery and Prognosis","recovery_item_1":"After endovascular repair (EVAR) — usually 1–3 days in hospital and return to daily activity within 1–2 weeks","recovery_item_2":"After open surgery, recovery takes longer and is determined individually","recovery_item_3":"Timely surgery prevents aortic rupture — a life-threatening condition","recovery_item_4":"All procedures are performed regularly by experienced cardiac surgeons","related_heading":"Related Pages","related_item_1_title":"Aortic Aneurysm","related_item_1_desc":"Causes, symptoms and diagnosis of the condition","related_item_1_link":"Learn more about aortic aneurysm","related_item_2_title":"Computed Tomography","related_item_2_desc":"CT aortography — the main diagnostic method before surgery","related_item_2_link":"Learn more about computed tomography","related_item_3_title":"Heart Valve Replacement","related_item_3_desc":"Minimally invasive valve replacement for combined aortic and valve disease","related_item_3_link":"Learn more about valve replacement","oms_heading":"Treatment Under CHI and Federal Quotas","oms_text":"Aortic prosthesis at Pirogov Clinic is performed free of charge under Compulsory Health Insurance (CHI) and federal high-tech medical care quotas — when indications and a referral are in place. Our administrators will help you arrange the quota and prepare the documents.","oms_book":"Book an appointment","doctors_heading":"Doctors Performing Aortic Prosthesis at Pirogov Clinic","doctors_book":"Book an appointment","faq_heading":"Frequently Asked Questions","faq_q_1":"What is aortic prosthesis?","faq_a_1":"It is a surgery in which the segment of the aorta widened by an aneurysm is replaced with a synthetic graft or reinforced from within with a stent-graft. The goal is to prevent further stretching and rupture of the vessel.","faq_q_2":"What is an aortic aneurysm and why is it dangerous?","faq_a_2":"An aneurysm is a local dilation of the aortic wall forming a \"sac.\" The danger is that the wall thins and may rupture, and aortic rupture is a life-threatening condition. An aneurysm can go without symptoms for a long time.","faq_q_3":"At what aneurysm size is surgery needed?","faq_a_3":"A diameter of 5 cm or more is considered critical, as is growth of 6 mm or more over 6 months. The exact indications are determined by the surgeon based on CT aortography data.","faq_q_4":"What methods of aortic prosthesis exist?","faq_a_4":"There are two main methods: open surgery (replacing the segment of the aorta with a synthetic graft, universal for any part) and the endovascular method — placing a stent-graft through punctures in the thigh, without a large incision. The method is chosen by the cardiovascular surgeon.","faq_q_5":"How does an endovascular stent-graft differ from open surgery?","faq_a_5":"With the endovascular method (EVAR), only small punctures are made in the thigh and a stent-graft is placed inside the aneurysm — this is minimally invasive with a short recovery. Open surgery is more universal and can correct any lesion, but requires cardiopulmonary bypass and a longer rehabilitation.","faq_q_6":"Which parts of the aorta can be replaced?","faq_a_6":"The ascending aorta, the arch, and the thoracic and abdominal aorta. For an ascending aorta aneurysm with aortic valve involvement, the aorta is replaced together with the valve.","faq_q_7":"What are the symptoms of an aortic aneurysm?","faq_a_7":"An aneurysm often causes no symptoms for a long time. As it grows, pain, a sense of pulsation, and disturbances from compression of nearby organs may appear. Sudden severe pain may indicate dissection or rupture — a reason for immediate medical help.","faq_q_8":"How is the diagnosis performed before surgery?","faq_a_8":"The main method is multislice CT aortography with intravenous contrast. It provides complete information about the location, diameter and extent of the aneurysm and its relationship to nearby organs, which determines the surgical approach.","faq_q_9":"How long does recovery take after surgery?","faq_a_9":"After endovascular repair (EVAR), patients usually spend 1–3 days in hospital and return to daily activity within 1–2 weeks. After open surgery, recovery takes longer and is determined individually.","faq_q_10":"Is the surgery dangerous, and what are the risks?","faq_a_10":"Aortic prosthesis is a well-established procedure performed by experienced surgeons. As with any surgery, there are risks (for the endovascular method, for example, leaks around the stent-graft are possible), which are controlled by monitoring and minimized by the specialist team.","faq_q_11":"How much does the surgery cost, and can it be done for free?","faq_a_11":"At Pirogov Clinic in Saint Petersburg, aortic prosthesis is performed free of charge under Compulsory Health Insurance (CHI) and federal high-tech medical care quotas, when indications and a referral are in place.","faq_q_12":"How do I get the surgery under CHI or a quota?","faq_a_12":"A referral and confirmed indications are required. Book a consultation — specialists will assess your case and help arrange the quota and prepare the necessary documents.","faq_q_13":"What happens if the surgery is not performed?","faq_a_13":"Once it reaches a critical size, an aneurysm can rupture, and aortic rupture is often fatal. Timely prosthesis eliminates this risk and restores normal blood flow.","faq_q_14":"How do I prepare for the surgery?","faq_a_14":"Before the procedure, a full diagnostic workup is performed, primarily CT aortography, along with tests to assess overall condition. The treating physician draws up an individual preparation plan at the consultation.","faq_q_15":"Is follow-up needed after aortic prosthesis?","faq_a_15":"Yes. After surgery, regular follow-up with a specialist and check-up imaging are important, along with following the doctor's recommendations — this allows the condition of the graft and the aorta to be assessed in time."},"carotid-endarterectomy":{"breadcrumb":"Carotid endarterectomy","hero_heading":"Carotid Endarterectomy","hero_subtitle":"Reliable stroke prevention for carotid artery narrowing","about_heading":"What carotid endarterectomy is","about_lead":"Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is carotid artery surgery in which the surgeon removes an atherosclerotic plaque and restores normal blood flow to the brain. It is performed for severe carotid stenosis, usually over 70%, to reduce the risk of ischemic stroke. At Pirogov Clinic in Saint Petersburg the operation takes 1–1.5 hours, with discharge the next day.","about_p_1":"The narrowing is caused by atherosclerosis: a cholesterol plaque reduces the lumen of the common or internal carotid artery. This disturbs blood flow to the brain and can lead to the formation of microthrombi.","about_p_2":"Removing the plaque from the carotid artery restores normal blood supply to the brain and significantly reduces the risk of ischemic stroke. Read more about the condition: Internal carotid artery stenosis.","stats_heading":"Carotid endarterectomy in numbers","stats_value_1":"1–1.5 hours","stats_label_1":"operation time","stats_value_2":"4–6 cm","stats_label_2":"neck incision","stats_value_3":"Next day","stats_label_3":"discharge","stats_value_4":"Local or general","stats_label_4":"anesthesia","indications_heading":"When carotid artery surgery is needed","indications_intro":"The operation is indicated for severe stenosis (narrowing) of the carotid artery by more than 70%, especially with symptoms such as:","indications_item_1":"Dizziness, unsteady gait","indications_item_2":"Noise in the head or ears","indications_item_3":"Visual disturbances: a “veil” or “floaters” before the eyes","indications_item_4":"Sudden weakness or numbness of the arms and legs","indications_p_1":"The vascular surgeon determines the indications based on symptoms, duplex ultrasound and CT of the neck vessels. Sometimes stenosis causes no symptoms and is found by chance during an examination. A narrowing of 50% is already a reason for concern, and from 70% the surgeon is more likely to recommend surgery.","preparation_heading":"Tests before carotid endarterectomy","preparation_intro":"Before the procedure, a comprehensive evaluation is performed:","preparation_item_1":"Duplex ultrasound of the neck vessels (brachiocephalic arteries)","preparation_item_2":"CT angiography of the brachiocephalic arteries","preparation_item_3":"Consultations with a vascular surgeon and an anesthesiologist","preparation_p_1":"The patient’s overall condition is also assessed, and the type of anesthesia — local (regional) or general — is chosen together with the anesthesiologist. Under local anesthesia the patient stays conscious, and the team keeps verbal and visual contact. Under general anesthesia the patient sleeps and wakes up after the operation.","how_heading":"How carotid endarterectomy is performed","how_step_title_1":"Neck incision","how_step_desc_1":"A 4–6 cm incision is made on the front side of the neck.","how_step_title_2":"Exposing the artery","how_step_desc_2":"The surgeon carefully isolates the section of the artery affected by atherosclerosis and separates it from the surrounding nerves and veins.","how_step_title_3":"Removing the plaque","how_step_desc_3":"The plaque is removed under microscopic optics. In the eversion technique the artery is cut off, turned inside out, the plaque is removed and the artery is sewn back.","how_step_title_4":"Closing the artery","how_step_desc_4":"The artery is sutured directly or with a special patch. The surgeon makes the final choice of technique during the operation.","how_step_title_5":"Restoring blood flow","how_step_desc_5":"Blood flow is restored and the sutures are checked for tightness.","how_step_title_6":"Cosmetic suture","how_step_desc_6":"The wound is closed with a neat cosmetic suture.","how_p_1":"The average duration of the operation is 1–1.5 hours. In most cases intensive care monitoring is not required.","recovery_heading":"Recovery and outlook after surgery","recovery_item_1":"Discharge is often possible the next day","recovery_item_2":"Thanks to the short hospital stay, the risk of infectious complications is minimal","recovery_item_3":"After surgery it is important to strictly follow medical advice: take prescribed medications regularly, monitor blood pressure and cholesterol, and keep to a diet","recovery_p_1":"Carotid endarterectomy significantly reduces the risk of stroke and improves blood supply to the brain. When following medical advice, the patient can return to their normal lifestyle within a few days.","recovery_note":"Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease, so after surgery it is important to control risk factors and have follow-up neck ultrasound as recommended by your physician.","doctors_heading":"Doctors who perform carotid endarterectomy","oms_text":"At Pirogov Clinic carotid endarterectomy is performed free of charge under the CHI policy and federal quotas for high-tech medical care, when indicated and with a referral. Our administrators will help you arrange the quota and prepare the documents.","faq_heading":"Questions about carotid endarterectomy","faq_q_1":"What is carotid endarterectomy?","faq_a_1":"It is an operation in which the surgeon removes an atherosclerotic plaque from the carotid artery. It restores normal blood flow to the brain and significantly reduces the risk of ischemic stroke.","faq_q_2":"At what degree of carotid stenosis is surgery needed?","faq_a_2":"Surgery is indicated for severe narrowing of the carotid artery, usually by more than 70%, especially with symptoms of impaired blood supply to the brain. The vascular surgeon determines the exact indications after an examination.","faq_q_3":"What are the symptoms of carotid stenosis?","faq_a_3":"Dizziness, unsteady gait, noise in the head, sudden weakness or numbness of the arms and legs. Stenosis often causes no symptoms for a long time and is found on an ultrasound of the neck vessels.","faq_q_4":"How is the operation performed?","faq_a_4":"A 4–6 cm incision is made on the neck, the affected section of the artery is exposed and the plaque is removed under microscopic optics. The artery is then sutured, directly or with a patch, blood flow is checked and a cosmetic suture is applied. The operation takes 1–1.5 hours.","faq_q_5":"What anesthesia is used for endarterectomy?","faq_a_5":"Local (regional) or general anesthesia is used. The type of anesthesia is chosen individually after consulting an anesthesiologist.","faq_q_6":"What is eversion endarterectomy?","faq_a_6":"It is a technique in which the artery is cut off, turned inside out, the plaque is removed and the artery is sewn back. The surgeon chooses the technique depending on the anatomy and the nature of the lesion.","faq_q_7":"Which is better: endarterectomy or carotid stenting?","faq_a_7":"Both methods relieve the narrowing but suit different patients. The choice depends on anatomy, the nature of the plaque, age and other diseases. The vascular surgeon decides after an examination.","faq_q_8":"What tests are needed before surgery?","faq_a_8":"Duplex ultrasound of the neck vessels, CT angiography of the brachiocephalic arteries, consultations with a vascular surgeon and an anesthesiologist, and an assessment of the patient’s overall condition.","faq_q_9":"How many days in hospital after surgery?","faq_a_9":"In most cases the patient is discharged the next day if their condition is stable. Intensive care monitoring is usually not required.","faq_q_10":"How safe is the operation?","faq_a_10":"With proper indications and preparation the risks are minimal. The operation is performed by experienced surgeons using modern equipment and microscopic optics.","faq_q_11":"What is life like after surgery?","faq_a_11":"Most patients return to their normal lives within a few days. It is important to take prescribed medications regularly, monitor blood pressure and cholesterol, follow a diet and see your physician.","faq_q_12":"Can the plaque come back?","faq_a_12":"Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease, so after surgery it is important to control risk factors and have follow-up neck ultrasound as recommended by your physician.","faq_q_13":"How much does carotid endarterectomy cost?","faq_a_13":"At Pirogov Clinic the operation can be performed free of charge under CHI or a federal quota. Paid treatment starts from 127,400 rubles."},"coronary-artery-bypass-grafting":{"page_title":"Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Saint Petersburg — Pirogov Clinic","page_description":"CABG at Pirogov Clinic, Saint Petersburg. Expert cardiac surgeons, modern operating suite. Free under CHI and federal quotas. Book online.","title":"Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG)","description":"About the Procedure","description_text":"

Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is a surgical procedure that restores normal blood flow in the coronary arteries by bypassing the narrowed segment of the vessel with grafts.

","hero_badge":"Cardiac Surgery · Saint Petersburg","hero_heading":"Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG)","hero_subtitle":"Surgical restoration of blood flow in the coronary arteries for ischemic heart disease.","hero_price_free":"Free","hero_price_note":"under CHI and federal quotas","hero_note_line1":"Available under CHI and federal quotas.","hero_note_line2":"Paid surgery — no waiting.","hero_book":"Book an appointment","hero_send_docs":"Send documents to the doctor","video_heading":"Surgery Video","video_caption":"A video showing how coronary artery bypass grafting is performed — from preparation to results","safety_heading":"About the Surgery","safety_description":"CABG is one of the most studied and effective techniques in cardiac surgery. The procedure is performed under general anesthesia in a specialized operating suite at Pirogov Clinic. During the period of cardiac arrest, all vital functions are maintained by the cardiopulmonary bypass machine.","safety_stat_duration":"3–4 hours","safety_stat_duration_label":"surgery duration","safety_stat_anesthesia":"general","safety_stat_anesthesia_label":"anesthesia","safety_stat_hospital":"7–10 days","safety_stat_hospital_label":"hospital stay","when_heading":"When Is CABG Indicated?","when_item_1":"Multivessel coronary artery disease","when_item_2":"Left main coronary artery stenosis","when_item_3":"IHD combined with heart valve disease","when_item_4":"Restenosis after previous stenting","when_item_5":"Acute coronary syndrome with concurrent lesions","when_note":"CABG indications are determined jointly by a cardiologist and cardiac surgeon based on coronary angiography results and assessment of cardiac vessel condition. Our clinic applies an individualized approach to treatment planning.","when_link":"Book a cardiac surgeon consultation","how_heading":"How Is CABG Performed?","how_step_1_title":"General Anesthesia","how_step_1_desc":"The patient is placed under deep medical sleep; the anesthesiologist and perfusionist are present throughout the entire procedure.","how_step_2_title":"Sternotomy","how_step_2_desc":"The surgeon makes an incision along the midline of the sternum to access the heart. A second surgeon simultaneously harvests the graft — a vein or artery for the bypass.","how_step_3_title":"Cardiopulmonary Bypass (CPB) Connection","how_step_3_desc":"A cardiopulmonary bypass machine temporarily takes over circulation and oxygenation, maintaining all vital organs while the heart is stopped.","how_step_4_title":"Bypass Grafting","how_step_4_desc":"The surgeon routes the graft vessels around the narrowed or completely blocked segments of the coronary arteries. The number of grafts depends on the number of affected vessels.","how_step_5_title":"Cardiac Activity Restoration","how_step_5_desc":"After the grafts are placed, the cardiopulmonary bypass machine is disconnected and the heart is confirmed to be beating independently.","how_step_6_title":"Closure and Transfer to ICU","how_step_6_desc":"The chest is closed in layers. The patient is transferred to the intensive care unit for monitoring.","how_note":"Surgery duration is 3–4 hours; with 4 or more grafts, CABG may take up to 5–6 hours.","results_heading":"What Does CABG Achieve?","results_item_1_title":"Elimination of Angina","results_item_1_desc":"In the vast majority of cases, chest pain disappears completely and the patient returns to an active life without nitrates.","results_item_2_title":"Long-term Effect: 10–15 Years","results_item_2_desc":"Grafts function for 10–15 years or more, freeing the patient from all IHD symptoms and daily limitations for decades.","results_item_3_title":"Simultaneous Treatment of Related Conditions","results_item_3_desc":"When needed, additional cardiac pathologies can be addressed during the same surgery — valve replacement or left ventricular aneurysm resection.","pricing_heading":"CABG Cost in Saint Petersburg","pricing_item_1_name":"Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (1 graft)","pricing_item_1_desc":"Includes all consumables and hospital stay","pricing_item_2_name":"CABG (2 grafts, standard)","pricing_item_2_desc":"Most common procedure volume","pricing_item_3_name":"CABG with aneurysm resection","pricing_item_4_name":"Off-pump CABG (beating heart surgery)","pricing_item_5_name":"Additional studies (echocardiography, coronarography)","pricing_on_indication":"as indicated","pricing_by_prescription":"by prescription","pricing_note":"CABG may be performed free of charge under CHI and federal quotas. Please consult a specialist.","pricing_book":"Book an appointment","doctors_heading":"Surgeons Performing CABG at Pirogov Clinic","doctors_appointment":"Appointment:","doctors_book":"Book an appointment","prep_heading":"Preparation for Surgery","prep_intro":"Before elective CABG, our clinic conducts a comprehensive pre-operative assessment:","prep_item_1":"Coronarography — mandatory to assess coronary anatomy and plan the procedure","prep_item_2":"Echocardiography — evaluation of myocardial function and valve condition","prep_item_3":"Vascular ultrasound of lower limbs and carotid arteries","prep_item_4":"CT scan of the chest","prep_item_5":"Laboratory tests: CBC, biochemistry, blood type, coagulation panel","prep_item_6":"Consultations: cardiologist, anesthesiologist; pulmonologist or endocrinologist if needed","prep_note":"Anticoagulants must be stopped 5 days before surgery. Inform the cardiac surgeon of any allergies (latex, contrast, iodine, antibiotics). The clinic will provide a detailed preparation checklist.","recovery_heading":"Recovery After Surgery","recovery_in_hospital_heading":"In Hospital","recovery_in_hospital_item_1":"1–2 days in ICU: ECG, blood pressure, breathing and urine output monitoring","recovery_in_hospital_item_2":"Transfer to the cardiac ward on the second or third postoperative day","recovery_in_hospital_item_3":"Breathing exercises and physiotherapy begin in the first days","recovery_in_hospital_item_4":"Anticoagulant therapy — essential to prevent graft thrombosis","recovery_in_hospital_item_5":"Discharge on day 7–11 with an uncomplicated postoperative course","recovery_after_discharge_heading":"After Discharge","recovery_after_discharge_item_1":"Continue prescribed medications: statins, aspirin, beta-blockers","recovery_after_discharge_item_2":"Follow-up visit — 4–6 weeks after discharge","recovery_after_discharge_item_3":"Physical activity restriction: walking only at first, rehabilitation starts at 1–3 months","recovery_after_discharge_item_4":"No driving for at least 2 months","recovery_after_discharge_item_5":"Return to office work — 4–6 weeks; physical labor — up to 6 months","recovery_note":"It is essential not to skip medications and regular cardiology check-ups. Following your doctor's recommendations significantly reduces the risk of repeat surgery.","faq_heading":"Frequently Asked Questions","faq_q_1":"What is coronary artery bypass grafting in simple terms?","faq_a_1":"CABG is a surgery in which the surgeon creates a detour for blood around a narrowed or blocked coronary artery. The patient's own vessel (vein or artery) is attached from the aorta to the coronary artery beyond the blockage. After surgery, blood flows freely to the heart muscle.","faq_q_2":"When is CABG chosen over stenting?","faq_a_2":"Stenting is preferred for 1–2 affected arteries without complex anatomy. CABG is indicated for multivessel disease, left main stenosis, diabetes, reduced left ventricular function, or anatomy unfavorable for stenting. The choice is always made jointly by a cardiologist and cardiac surgeon.","faq_q_3":"How long do patients live after CABG?","faq_a_3":"Grafts function for an average of 10–15 years or more. Most patients return to a full life without pain or serious limitations. Life expectancy depends on comorbidities, adherence to recommendations, and regular cardiology follow-up.","faq_q_4":"Is CABG painful? How is the surgery tolerated?","faq_a_4":"The operation is performed under general anesthesia — the patient feels nothing. After waking up, there may be moderate chest discomfort controlled by pain medication. Most patients find the first 2–3 days most challenging, after which they improve daily.","faq_q_5":"Can CABG be done for free in Saint Petersburg?","faq_a_5":"Yes. At Pirogov Clinic, CABG is available free of charge under CHI and federal quotas with the appropriate referral. To obtain a quota, consult your local cardiologist. Paid treatment eliminates waiting and allows surgery at a convenient time.","faq_q_6":"How long does CABG surgery take?","faq_a_6":"Typically 3 to 4 hours. With 4 or more grafts, or when additional procedures are performed simultaneously (valve replacement, aneurysm repair), the duration may extend to 5–6 hours.","faq_q_7":"What are the possible outcomes after CABG?","faq_a_7":"Most patients report a significant improvement in quality of life: chest pain disappears, exercise tolerance improves, and nitrate use is reduced or eliminated. Possible complications include wound infection, arrhythmias, and graft thrombosis — but their frequency is minimal at specialized centers.","faq_q_8":"How much does CABG cost in Saint Petersburg?","faq_a_8":"At Pirogov Clinic, CABG (1 graft) starts at 512,000 ₽. With 2 grafts — from 620,000 ₽. The exact cost depends on complexity and the number of grafts. Surgery is available free under CHI and federal quotas.","faq_q_9":"Can elderly patients undergo CABG?","faq_a_9":"Yes, age alone is not a contraindication. Patients over 70–80 may undergo CABG if their condition is compensated and there are no severe comorbidities. When surgical risk is high, less invasive options such as stenting or off-pump CABG may be preferred.","when_item_6":"Anatomy unfavorable for stenting"},"minimally-invasive-valve-replacement":{"page_title":"Minimally Invasive Heart Valve Replacement in Saint Petersburg — Pirogov Clinic","page_description":"Minimally invasive heart valve replacement (aortic, mitral, tricuspid) at Pirogov Clinic, Saint Petersburg. Valve replacement through a 5–7 cm mini-access without full sternotomy: less pain, a neat scar, faster recovery. Available under CHI and federal quotas. Book online.","hero_badge":"Cardiac Surgery · Saint Petersburg","hero_heading":"Minimally Invasive Heart Valve Replacement","hero_subtitle":"Replacement of the aortic, mitral, and tricuspid valves through a mini-access — without full sternotomy","hero_oms_badge":"Performed free of charge under CHI and federal quotas","hero_book":"Book an appointment","toc_about":"What Is a Mini-Access","toc_indications":"Indications","toc_operation":"How the Surgery Is Performed","toc_prosthesis":"Types of Prostheses","toc_recovery":"Recovery","toc_pricing":"Cost","toc_doctors":"Doctors","toc_faq":"FAQ","video_heading":"Patient Story","video_caption":"A patient shares their experience of minimally invasive heart valve replacement at Pirogov Clinic","about_heading":"What Is Minimally Invasive Valve Replacement","about_p1":"Minimally invasive valve replacement is the replacement of a diseased heart valve through a reduced access of about 5–7 cm, without full sternotomy. The surgical technique itself is the same as in classic surgery, but tissue trauma is significantly lower. The method has been used since the mid-1990s.","about_p2":"At the Center for Cardiac Surgery of the N.I. Pirogov VMT Clinic, SPbSU, this technique is used to replace the aortic, mitral, and tricuspid valves.","stats_incision":"5–7 cm","stats_incision_label":"incision length","stats_duration":"2.5–3 hours","stats_duration_label":"surgery duration (aortic valve)","stats_no_sternotomy":"No sternotomy","stats_rehab":"Faster","indications_heading":"Indications and When the Method Is Not Suitable","indications_item_1":"Acquired disease of the aortic, mitral, or tricuspid valve","indications_item_2":"The surgeon determines whether mini-access is possible based on height-weight parameters and comorbidities","indications_item_3":"The method is not used if the valve disease is combined with coronary artery disease requiring simultaneous bypass grafting","operation_heading":"Surgical Approaches Used","operation_step_1_title":"Mini-J Sternotomy","operation_step_1_desc":"Used for aortic valve surgery.","operation_step_2_title":"Right Mini-Thoracotomy","operation_step_2_desc":"Used for mitral valve surgery and/or an antiarrhythmic procedure (left atrial cryoablation, similar to the Maze procedure). Requires peripheral cardiopulmonary bypass — an additional incision of about 3 cm in the groin area to connect the bypass machine.","advantages_heading":"Advantages","advantages_item_1":"Neat cosmetic scar","advantages_item_2":"Less pronounced pain","advantages_item_3":"Early activation due to preservation of the chest wall structure","advantages_item_4":"Reduced surgical trauma","advantages_item_5":"Safety and outcomes comparable to classic surgery","advantages_item_6":"Fewer early postoperative complications and shorter rehabilitation","prosthesis_heading":"Types of Prostheses","prosthesis_intro":"The cardiac surgeon determines the choice of prosthesis individually.","prosthesis_mechanical_title":"Mechanical Prosthesis","prosthesis_mechanical_desc":"Lasts a lifetime, but requires lifelong anticoagulant therapy (warfarin) under blood clotting control.","prosthesis_biological_title":"Biological Prosthesis","prosthesis_biological_desc":"Does not require lifelong anticoagulation; average lifespan is 15–20 years depending on the patient's age.","related_heading":"Related Procedures","related_tavi_title":"Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI)","related_tavi_desc":"Aortic valve replacement through an arterial puncture, without incisions — for patients with high surgical risk.","related_coronarography_title":"Coronarography","related_coronarography_desc":"Coronary artery evaluation before heart valve surgery.","related_cabg_title":"Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting","related_cabg_desc":"Surgical treatment of ischemic heart disease — for combined valve and coronary artery disease.","related_aorta_title":"Aortic Prosthesis","related_aorta_desc":"Surgical treatment of aortic aneurysms and other aortic conditions.","recovery_heading":"Recovery","recovery_item_1":"Early activation due to preservation of the chest wall structure","recovery_item_2":"Less pronounced pain contributes to faster recovery","recovery_item_3":"Shorter rehabilitation period compared to classic surgery","recovery_note":"The exact length of hospital stay and activation schedule is determined individually by the attending physician.","pricing_heading":"Cost","pricing_text":"Minimally invasive heart valve replacement at Pirogov Clinic is performed free of charge under the CHI policy and federal high-tech medical care (HTMC) quotas — subject to indications and referral. Our administrators will help you arrange the quota and prepare the required documents.","pricing_book":"Book an appointment","doctors_heading":"Doctors Performing Minimally Invasive Valve Replacement","doctors_book":"Book an appointment","faq_heading":"Frequently Asked Questions","faq_q_1":"What is minimally invasive heart valve replacement?","faq_a_1":"It is the replacement of a diseased heart valve through a small 5–7 cm incision without full sternotomy. The surgical technique is the same as in classic replacement, but tissue trauma is lower, so the patient recovers faster.","faq_q_2":"How does a mini-access differ from a regular open operation?","faq_a_2":"In classic surgery, the sternum is fully divided (full sternotomy). With a mini-access, a short incision is made and the chest wall structure is preserved. This results in less pain, a neat scar, and early activation, with safety comparable to classic surgery.","faq_q_3":"Which valves can be replaced minimally invasively?","faq_a_3":"The aortic, mitral, and tricuspid valves. A mini-J sternotomy is usually used for the aortic valve, and a right mini-thoracotomy for the mitral valve.","faq_q_4":"Who is the minimally invasive operation suitable for, and who is it not suitable for?","faq_a_4":"The method is indicated for acquired valve disease. The surgeon assesses whether mini-access is possible based on height-weight parameters and comorbidities. It is not used if coronary artery bypass grafting is also required.","faq_q_5":"How does minimally invasive replacement differ from TAVI?","faq_a_5":"TAVI is aortic valve replacement using a catheter through an arterial puncture, without incisions, for patients with high surgical risk. Minimally invasive replacement is a surgical valve replacement through a small incision; it is suitable for the aortic, mitral, and tricuspid valves.","faq_q_6":"Which prosthesis is better — mechanical or biological?","faq_a_6":"A mechanical prosthesis lasts a lifetime but requires lifelong anticoagulant therapy (warfarin). A biological prosthesis does not require lifelong anticoagulation but lasts an average of 15–20 years. The choice depends on the patient's age and condition and is determined by the cardiac surgeon.","faq_q_7":"How long does the surgery take?","faq_a_7":"Aortic valve replacement usually takes 2.5–3 hours. The exact time depends on the valve, the access used, and individual patient factors.","faq_q_8":"Will there be a large scar after surgery?","faq_a_8":"No. The incision is only about 5–7 cm, so the cosmetic result is noticeably better than after full sternotomy. For mitral valve access, an additional small incision of about 3 cm in the groin area may be needed.","faq_q_9":"How long is the recovery and when is the patient discharged?","faq_a_9":"Because the chest wall structure is preserved, the patient is activated earlier and rehabilitation is shorter than after classic surgery. The exact length of hospitalization and recovery is determined individually by the attending physician.","faq_q_10":"Do I need to take medication for life after valve replacement?","faq_a_10":"With a mechanical prosthesis, lifelong anticoagulant therapy (warfarin) is required under blood clotting control. With a biological prosthesis, lifelong anticoagulation is generally not required.","faq_q_11":"How long does a valve prosthesis last?","faq_a_11":"A mechanical prosthesis is designed to last a lifetime. A biological prosthesis lasts an average of 15–20 years depending on the patient's age and condition; it can be replaced when worn out.","faq_q_12":"Is the surgery dangerous, and what are the risks?","faq_a_12":"Minimally invasive replacement is a well-established method with outcomes comparable to classic surgery, and the rate of early complications is in most cases lower. Like any cardiac surgery, it carries risks, which are minimized by an experienced surgical team.","faq_q_13":"How much does minimally invasive valve replacement cost?","faq_a_13":"At Pirogov Clinic, the surgery is performed free of charge under the CHI policy and federal high-tech medical care quotas, subject to indications and referral.","faq_q_14":"How do I get the surgery under CHI or a quota?","faq_a_14":"A referral and confirmed indications are required. Book a consultation — our specialists will assess your case and help you arrange the quota (HTMC) and prepare the necessary documents.","faq_q_15":"How do I prepare for surgery and what tests are needed?","faq_a_15":"Before surgery, echocardiography, coronarography, and other studies are performed to assess the valve disease and select the prosthesis and access. The exact preparation plan is drawn up by the attending physician during the consultation.","related_link":"Learn more","stats_no_sternotomy_label":"chest wall structure preserved","stats_rehab_label":"activation and rehabilitation"},"pacemaker-implantation":{"breadcrumb":"Pacemaker implantation","hero_heading":"Pacemaker Implantation","hero_subtitle":"A reliable way to restore the heart’s proper rhythm","about_heading":"What a pacemaker is and who needs one","about_lead":"Pacemaker implantation is a minor operation: a pacemaker is placed under the skin or muscle below the collarbone, and its leads are passed through a vein into the heart. It is needed for bradycardia — a pulse too slow because of sick sinus syndrome or atrioventricular block. At Pirogov Clinic in Saint Petersburg it is done under local anesthesia.","about_p_1":"A pacemaker is a small device that helps the heart beat correctly when its natural rhythm is too slow. It protects against fainting, dizziness and weakness, improves overall well-being and allows you to lead an active life again.","about_p_2":"The main goal of pacemaker implantation is to eliminate life-threatening rhythm disorders and improve quality of life. Today millions of people around the world live with pacemakers, maintaining good health and physical activity.","stats_heading":"Pacemaker implantation in numbers","stats_value_1":"~1 hour","stats_label_1":"operation time","stats_value_2":"Local","stats_label_2":"anesthesia","stats_value_3":"3–4 days","stats_label_3":"in hospital","stats_value_4":"3, 6, 12 months","stats_label_4":"device check-ups","indications_heading":"When a pacemaker is needed","indications_intro":"A pacemaker is recommended for bradycardia — a slow pulse that can manifest as:","indications_item_1":"Constant fatigue and weakness","indications_item_2":"Dizziness or near-fainting episodes","indications_item_3":"Fainting","indications_item_4":"Shortness of breath even with minimal exertion","indications_p_1":"The most common causes are sick sinus syndrome and atrioventricular block — a failure of electrical signal conduction in the heart. Bradycardia is considered a disease when the rhythm is very slow, does not speed up with exercise, or the heartbeat has pauses that can reach 3 seconds or more.","preparation_heading":"Tests and preparation before pacemaker implantation","preparation_intro":"To confirm the diagnosis, the patient undergoes:","preparation_item_1":"Electrocardiography (ECG)","preparation_item_2":"24-hour Holter ECG monitoring","preparation_p_1":"Once bradycardia is documented on an ECG or a Holter monitor, the physician decides whether pacemaker implantation is necessary and chooses the type of device.","how_heading":"How pacemaker implantation is performed","how_intro":"The procedure is done under local anesthesia and takes about one hour.","how_step_title_1":"A small incision under the collarbone","how_step_desc_1":"Under local anesthesia a small incision is made in the right or left subclavian area.","how_step_title_2":"Placing the leads in the heart","how_step_desc_2":"One, two or three leads, depending on the type of pacemaker, are passed through a vein into the heart under X-ray guidance.","how_step_title_3":"Connecting the pacemaker","how_step_desc_3":"The lead tip is fixed in the atrium or ventricle where it gets good contact and a good signal. The leads are connected to the pacemaker, which is placed under the skin or muscle.","how_step_title_4":"Adjustment and testing","how_step_desc_4":"The device is adjusted and its function is tested.","how_p_1":"At our clinic the operations are performed by experienced specialists — top-category physicians, candidates and doctors of medical sciences, trained at leading medical centers in Europe and Asia.","recovery_heading":"Recovery and life with a pacemaker","recovery_item_1":"The patient usually stays in hospital for 3–4 days","recovery_item_2":"Before discharge, doctors recheck and fine-tune the device","recovery_item_3":"For 4–6 weeks it is important to limit strain on the arm on the pacemaker side","recovery_item_4":"Regular follow-up visits are required — after 3, 6 and 12 months","recovery_p_1":"Each patient receives personalized recommendations, a device card and passport, and the opportunity for long-term observation and support.","recovery_p_2":"A pacemaker allows patients to return to their normal lives — walking, exercising (with a doctor’s approval), traveling and driving. For most people it is a reliable way to maintain heart health and well-being for many years.","recovery_note":"Your physician gives individual advice on physical activity and the device check-up schedule.","doctors_heading":"Doctors who perform pacemaker implantation","oms_text":"At Pirogov Clinic pacemaker implantation is performed free of charge under the CHI policy and federal quotas for high-tech medical care, when indicated and with a referral. Our administrators will help you arrange the quota and prepare the documents.","faq_heading":"Questions about pacemaker implantation","faq_q_1":"When is a pacemaker needed?","faq_a_1":"A pacemaker is implanted for bradycardia, a pulse that is too slow and causes weakness, dizziness, shortness of breath or fainting. The most common causes are sick sinus syndrome and atrioventricular block. The diagnosis is confirmed with an ECG and 24-hour monitoring, and the physician decides on implantation.","faq_q_2":"How is a pacemaker implanted?","faq_a_2":"The operation is done under local anesthesia and takes about an hour. A small incision is made under the collarbone, the leads are passed through a vein into the heart under X-ray guidance, connected to the pacemaker, and the device is placed under the skin or muscle. Finally, it is adjusted and tested.","faq_q_3":"Does pacemaker implantation hurt?","faq_a_3":"The incision area is numbed with local anesthesia during the operation. For a few days afterwards there may be moderate discomfort around the incision, which goes away on its own.","faq_q_4":"How many days will I stay in hospital?","faq_a_4":"Patients usually stay in hospital for 3–4 days. Before discharge, doctors recheck and fine-tune the device.","faq_q_5":"What types of pacemakers are there?","faq_a_5":"There are single-chamber, dual-chamber and three-chamber devices, which differ in the number of leads. The physician chooses the type depending on the rhythm disorder.","faq_q_6":"How long does a pacemaker last?","faq_a_6":"The battery usually lasts several years, on average 7–10, depending on the model and how often the pacemaker works. When it runs down, the device itself is replaced. The pacemaker is checked at scheduled visits, so the time for replacement is known in advance.","faq_q_7":"How is a pacemaker replaced?","faq_a_7":"When the battery runs down, the pacemaker body is replaced. Working leads are kept if they can stay. The physician decides on the scope and timing of the procedure after checking the device.","faq_q_8":"What are the restrictions after pacemaker implantation?","faq_a_8":"For the first 4–6 weeks, limit strain on the arm on the pacemaker side: do not lift heavy objects or raise the arm sharply above the head. Do not hold phones or magnets right against the device, and keep to the check-up schedule. Your physician will give other recommendations.","faq_q_9":"Can I have an MRI with a pacemaker?","faq_a_9":"It depends on the model: some modern devices are MRI-compatible under special conditions. The decision is made only after consulting a physician and checking the device passport.","faq_q_10":"Can I go through airport security and use a mobile phone?","faq_a_10":"Yes. Show your pacemaker patient card at security. Hold the phone to the ear on the opposite side and do not carry it in a breast pocket over the device.","faq_q_11":"Can I drive and exercise?","faq_a_11":"Most patients return to their normal lives: they walk, travel, drive and exercise. Agree on the type and intensity of exercise with your physician.","faq_q_12":"How often should the pacemaker be checked?","faq_a_12":"Check-ups are usually 3, 6 and 12 months after the operation, then on the physician’s schedule. The battery charge and lead function are checked and the settings are adjusted if needed.","faq_q_13":"Can I get a pacemaker for free?","faq_a_13":"Yes. At Pirogov Clinic implantation is performed free of charge under CHI and federal quotas when indicated and with a referral. The step-by-step route is described in How to get care at the Center.","conditions_title_1":"Sick sinus syndrome","conditions_desc_1":"The sinus node sends impulses too rarely, at intervals that are too long or irregular.","conditions_title_2":"Atrioventricular block","conditions_desc_2":"A failure of electrical signal conduction in the heart.","conditions_title_3":"Bradycardia","conditions_desc_3":"A pulse that is too slow, causing weakness, dizziness, shortness of breath or fainting."},"radiofrequency-ablation":{"breadcrumb":"Radiofrequency ablation of the heart","hero_heading":"Radiofrequency Ablation of the Heart (RFA)","hero_subtitle":"Minimally invasive arrhythmia treatment that restores a normal heart rhythm","about_heading":"What cardiac RFA is and who needs it","about_lead":"Radiofrequency ablation of the heart (RFA) is a minimally invasive operation: thin catheters are guided to the heart through a vessel puncture, and radiofrequency energy precisely eliminates the source of the arrhythmia. RFA is used for atrial fibrillation and flutter, tachycardias, WPW syndrome and extrasystole. At Pirogov Clinic in Saint Petersburg it is done under local anesthesia, without incisions.","about_p_1":"Radiofrequency ablation is a modern, minimally invasive method of restoring normal heart rhythm. Thin catheters are guided to the focus of the arrhythmia, and radiofrequency energy eliminates the source of the rhythm disturbance without damaging healthy tissue.","about_p_2":"If you experience irregular beats, skipped beats or a rapid heartbeat, RFA may be the solution that restores your steady rhythm and confidence in the future.","stats_heading":"Cardiac RFA in numbers","stats_value_1":"Local","stats_label_1":"anesthesia","stats_value_2":"Vessel puncture","stats_label_2":"no incisions","stats_value_3":"2–3 days","stats_label_3":"in hospital","stats_value_4":"3D","stats_label_4":"heart mapping","indications_heading":"Which arrhythmias RFA treats","indications_intro":"The technique is used for various types of arrhythmia:","indications_item_1":"Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter","indications_item_2":"Supraventricular and ventricular tachycardias","indications_item_3":"WPW syndrome (Wolff–Parkinson–White)","indications_item_4":"Extrasystole","indications_p_1":"If you have palpitations or irregular heartbeats but no exact diagnosis yet, see an arrhythmologist: they will identify the type of arrhythmia and choose the best treatment. The physician determines the indications for RFA after an examination.","preparation_heading":"Preparing for RFA: which tests are needed","preparation_intro":"To make an accurate diagnosis and determine indications for RFA, the following are performed:","preparation_item_1":"ECG at rest and during exercise","preparation_item_2":"24-hour Holter monitoring","preparation_item_3":"Echocardiography","preparation_item_4":"Intracardiac electrophysiological study (EPS)","preparation_p_1":"EPS precisely identifies the source of the arrhythmia and helps plan the operation individually.","how_heading":"How radiofrequency ablation of the heart is performed","how_step_title_1":"Local anesthesia","how_step_desc_1":"RFA is performed under local anesthesia, without incisions.","how_step_title_2":"Inserting the catheters","how_step_desc_2":"Thin catheter electrodes are inserted through a small puncture in a vessel and guided to the heart under X-ray control.","how_step_title_3":"3D mapping","how_step_desc_3":"Using X-ray and 3D navigation, the doctor maps the electrical activity of the heart and locates the source of the arrhythmia, taking individual anatomy into account.","how_step_title_4":"Ablating the focus","how_step_desc_4":"A radiofrequency impulse is applied to the pathological focus, eliminating the cause of the arrhythmia.","how_p_1":"The procedure is gentle, does not damage healthy tissue and restores the correct heart rhythm.","recovery_heading":"Recovery after RFA and prognosis","recovery_item_1":"The patient usually stays in hospital for 2–3 days","recovery_item_2":"Most patients return to normal activities within a few days","recovery_item_3":"In many cases continuous antiarrhythmic medication is no longer needed after the procedure","recovery_item_4":"Follow-up visits to a cardiologist are usually at 3, 6 and 12 months","recovery_p_1":"Radiofrequency ablation is highly effective — complete elimination of arrhythmia in up to 95% of cases. When performed correctly, the risk of complications is minimal — less than 1.5%. Quality of life improves and the need for ongoing medication decreases.","recovery_note":"The result depends not only on the operation but also on following medical advice: keep to it and see your cardiologist on time.","video_heading":"How RFA is performed: an arrhythmologist explains","video_title":"Radiofrequency ablation of the heart. How is RFA performed? Explained by cardiologist-electrophysiologist Evgeny Zubarev","doctors_heading":"Doctors who perform radiofrequency ablation","oms_text":"At Pirogov Clinic cardiac RFA is performed free of charge under the CHI policy and federal quotas for high-tech medical care, when indicated and with a referral. Our administrators will help you arrange the quota and prepare the documents.","faq_heading":"Questions about radiofrequency ablation of the heart","faq_q_1":"What is radiofrequency ablation of the heart?","faq_a_1":"It is a minimally invasive treatment for arrhythmias. Thin catheters are guided to the heart through a vessel puncture, and radiofrequency energy precisely eliminates the area that causes the rhythm disturbance. Healthy tissue is not damaged.","faq_q_2":"Which arrhythmias is RFA used for?","faq_a_2":"Atrial fibrillation and flutter, supraventricular and ventricular tachycardias, WPW syndrome and extrasystole. An arrhythmologist determines the indications after an examination.","faq_q_3":"How is RFA performed?","faq_a_3":"The procedure is done under local anesthesia. Catheter electrodes are inserted through a small puncture in a vessel, X-ray and 3D navigation are used to map the heart’s electrical activity, and a radiofrequency impulse eliminates the focus of the arrhythmia.","faq_q_4":"Does RFA hurt?","faq_a_4":"The puncture site is numbed with local anesthesia, and there are no incisions. The physician discusses sensations during the procedure and pain relief with the patient in advance.","faq_q_5":"How do I prepare for RFA?","faq_a_5":"An ECG at rest and during exercise, 24-hour Holter monitoring, echocardiography and an intracardiac electrophysiological study (EPS) are performed. EPS precisely identifies the source of the arrhythmia and helps plan the operation.","faq_q_6":"How many days in hospital after RFA?","faq_a_6":"Usually 2–3 days. Most patients return to normal activities within a few days.","faq_q_7":"How effective is RFA?","faq_a_7":"Radiofrequency ablation is one of the most effective treatments for arrhythmias and in many cases eliminates the rhythm disturbance completely. The result depends on the type of arrhythmia. In atrial fibrillation a repeat procedure is sometimes needed.","faq_q_8":"Can the arrhythmia come back after RFA?","faq_a_8":"Yes, some patients, more often those with atrial fibrillation, may have a recurrence. In that case the physician may recommend a repeat ablation. That is why follow-up visits after the operation are important.","faq_q_9":"How is RFA different from cryoablation?","faq_a_9":"In RFA the focus of the arrhythmia is eliminated with radiofrequency energy, in cryoablation with cold. Both are catheter methods. The choice depends on the type of arrhythmia and the arrhythmologist’s decision.","faq_q_10":"Do I need to take medication after RFA?","faq_a_10":"In many cases continuous antiarrhythmic medication is no longer needed after the procedure. The physician decides whether to stop the medication after an examination.","faq_q_11":"Are there scars in the heart after the procedure?","faq_a_11":"Yes, but these are controlled micro-scars that do not affect heart function.","faq_q_12":"What are the restrictions after RFA?","faq_a_12":"For the first few days, protect the puncture site and limit physical activity. Follow-up visits to a cardiologist are usually at 3, 6 and 12 months. Your physician will give individual recommendations.","faq_q_13":"How much does RFA cost?","faq_a_13":"At Pirogov Clinic the operation can be performed free of charge under CHI or a quota. Paid options start from 205,000 rubles."},"stent-placement-coronary-arteries":{"breadcrumb":"Coronary artery stenting","hero_heading":"Coronary Artery Stenting","hero_subtitle":"Minimally invasive restoration of blood flow in the heart arteries","about_heading":"What coronary stenting is","about_lead":"Coronary artery stenting is a minimally invasive operation in which a metal scaffold (a stent) is placed in a heart artery narrowed by an atherosclerotic plaque to restore blood flow. It is performed through an artery puncture in the arm or thigh, without incisions, for coronary artery disease. At Pirogov Clinic in Saint Petersburg it is done under local anesthesia.","about_p_1":"Coronary artery stenting and balloon angioplasty are modern minimally invasive procedures that restore artery patency. Most often, normal blood flow is blocked by atherosclerosis: changes on the inner surface of the vessel wall lead to plaques that slow or completely stop the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the tissues.","about_p_2":"One of the main applications of the method is the heart vessels — the coronary arteries — in coronary artery disease (CAD).","stats_heading":"Coronary stenting in numbers","stats_value_1":"Artery puncture","stats_label_1":"no incisions","stats_value_2":"Local","stats_label_2":"anesthesia","stats_value_3":"2–3 days","stats_label_3":"until discharge","stats_value_4":"Drug-eluting","stats_label_4":"stents","indications_heading":"When coronary artery stenting is needed","indications_intro":"Stenting is performed when two conditions are met:","indications_item_1":"Coronary artery disease","indications_item_2":"Significant narrowing of the coronary arteries by an atherosclerotic plaque on coronary angiography","indications_p_1":"Patients with coronary artery disease often ask: will stenting be enough, or is coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) needed? The indications are determined by a team of cardiac surgeons and cardiologists. The choice between bypass grafting and stenting is made on the basis of coronary angiography, taking into account the severity of coronary artery disease and the patient’s overall condition. Only an individual approach ensures the best long-term result.","preparation_heading":"Preparation and tests before stenting","preparation_item_1":"Mandatory coronary angiography: it shows the location and degree of narrowing of the arteries","preparation_item_2":"Immediately before the operation, a drug to prevent blood clots (an antiplatelet agent) is prescribed, which you will continue to take afterwards","preparation_p_1":"All manipulations are performed in the X-ray operating room with modern equipment that allows the stent to be positioned precisely at the site of the plaque.","how_heading":"How coronary stenting is performed","how_step_title_1":"Anesthesia","how_step_desc_1":"Local and intravenous anesthesia is used to make you more comfortable during the operation.","how_step_title_2":"Artery puncture","how_step_desc_2":"The radial artery in the wrist or the femoral artery in the groin is punctured. The access is chosen in each specific case.","how_step_title_3":"Inserting the introducer","how_step_desc_3":"A special plastic tube — an introducer — is inserted into the artery. It serves as a “gateway” for all other instruments.","how_step_title_4":"Delivering the stent","how_step_desc_4":"Under X-ray guidance, a stent mounted on a deflated balloon is delivered to the lesion in the coronary artery. The stent is an elastic metal mesh structure with a special drug coating.","how_step_title_5":"Expanding the stent","how_step_desc_5":"The balloon is inflated: the stent expands, presses the plaque against the vessel wall, and blood flow is restored.","how_step_title_6":"Completing the operation","how_step_desc_6":"The instruments are removed and the patient is transferred to the cardiac surgery department for continuous monitoring. To prevent bleeding from the access artery, movement of the limb is restricted for a short time.","recovery_heading":"Recovery and life after stenting","recovery_item_1":"As a rule, the patient is discharged home with recommendations after 2–3 days and can then lead a nearly normal life","recovery_item_2":"Within 6–12 months the stent is lined with vascular wall cells (epithelialization) and becomes part of the artery","recovery_item_3":"A blood-thinning drug (antiplatelet agent) is added for a long period to the therapy selected by your cardiologist","recovery_p_1":"Stopping the antiplatelet agent can lead to a blood clot in the stent, occlusion of the coronary artery and fatal complications.","recovery_note":"The success of stenting depends not only on the quality of the operation but also on strictly following your cardiologist’s recommendations.","video_heading":"Video: how coronary stenting is performed","video_title":"Coronary stenting: how the procedure is performed","doctors_heading":"Doctors who perform coronary artery stenting","oms_text":"At Pirogov Clinic coronary artery stenting is performed free of charge under the CHI policy and federal quotas for high-tech medical care, when indicated and with a referral. Our administrators will help you arrange the quota and prepare the documents.","faq_heading":"Questions about coronary stenting","faq_q_1":"What is coronary artery stenting?","faq_a_1":"It is a minimally invasive operation in which a stent — an elastic metal mesh scaffold — is placed in a heart artery narrowed by a plaque. It widens the vessel lumen and restores blood flow to the heart muscle.","faq_q_2":"When is coronary stenting needed?","faq_a_2":"Stenting is performed in coronary artery disease when an atherosclerotic plaque significantly narrows a coronary artery. The indications are determined by a team of cardiac surgeons and cardiologists based on mandatory coronary angiography.","faq_q_3":"Which is better: stenting or bypass surgery (CABG)?","faq_a_3":"There is no universal answer. The choice is made on the basis of coronary angiography, taking into account the severity of artery disease and the patient’s overall condition. Only an individual approach gives the best long-term result.","faq_q_4":"How is stenting performed?","faq_a_4":"Through a puncture of an artery in the arm or groin, a stent on a deflated balloon is delivered to the narrowing. The balloon is inflated, the stent expands, presses the plaque against the vessel wall and restores blood flow. Everything is done in the X-ray operating room under imaging guidance.","faq_q_5":"Does stenting hurt?","faq_a_5":"The operation is performed under local and intravenous anesthesia so that the patient is comfortable. There are no incisions: access is through an artery puncture.","faq_q_6":"Which artery is used: in the arm or in the leg?","faq_a_6":"The radial artery in the wrist or the femoral artery in the groin is used. The physician chooses the access in each specific case.","faq_q_7":"What stents are used?","faq_a_7":"Stents with a special drug coating are used: an elastic metal mesh structure that is expanded with a balloon at the site of the narrowing.","faq_q_8":"How many days in hospital after stenting?","faq_a_8":"As a rule, the patient is discharged home with recommendations after 2–3 days. After that a nearly normal life is possible.","faq_q_9":"What is life like after coronary stenting?","faq_a_9":"The main thing is to strictly follow your cardiologist’s recommendations and take the prescribed medications, above all blood thinners (antiplatelet agents). Most patients return to their normal lives within a few days.","faq_q_10":"Why must I not stop taking medication after stenting?","faq_a_10":"The antiplatelet agent prevents a blood clot from forming in the stent. Stopping it on your own can lead to occlusion of the artery and serious, even fatal, complications. Only the physician decides on the regimen and its duration.","faq_q_11":"Does the stent heal in?","faq_a_11":"Yes. Within 6–12 months the stent is covered with vascular wall cells (epithelialization) and becomes part of the artery.","faq_q_12":"What tests are needed before stenting?","faq_a_12":"Coronary angiography is mandatory: it shows the location and degree of narrowing of the arteries. It is used to decide whether stenting or bypass surgery is needed.","faq_q_13":"Can I get stenting for free?","faq_a_13":"Yes. At Pirogov Clinic coronary artery stenting is performed free of charge under CHI and federal quotas when indicated and with a referral. The route is described in How to get care at the Center."},"transcatheter-aortic-valve-implantation":{"hero_badge":"Cardiac Surgery · Saint Petersburg","hero_heading":"Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVI)","hero_subtitle":"Minimally invasive aortic valve replacement without a chest incision","hero_oms_badge":"Performed free of charge under CHI and federal quotas","hero_book":"Book an appointment","toc_about":"What Is TAVI","toc_indications":"Indications","toc_operation":"How the Surgery Is Performed","toc_recovery":"Recovery","toc_pricing":"Treatment Under CHI and Quotas","toc_doctors":"Doctors","toc_faq":"FAQ","video_heading":"Procedure Video","video_caption":"How TAVI is performed — from preparation to discharge","about_heading":"What Is TAVI","about_p1":"Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is a minimally invasive procedure to replace the aortic valve without a chest incision and without stopping the heart. Instead of traditional open surgery, a new biological valve is delivered to the heart through a puncture in the femoral artery using a catheter.","about_p2":"The method is used for severe aortic stenosis, when a narrowed valve obstructs normal blood flow.","stats_duration":"1–2 hours","stats_duration_label":"surgery duration","stats_anesthesia":"Local or general","stats_anesthesia_label":"anesthesia","stats_hospital":"4–5 days","stats_hospital_label":"length of hospital stay","stats_icu":"1 day","stats_icu_label":"observation in intensive care","indications_heading":"When TAVI Is Indicated","indications_item_1":"Severe (stage 3) aortic stenosis","indications_item_2":"Symptoms: shortness of breath, chest pain, dizziness, fainting","indications_item_3":"Contraindications to open heart surgery","indications_item_4":"Advanced age","indications_item_5":"Comorbidities that increase the risk of open surgery","indications_item_6":"A previously implanted bioprosthesis requiring replacement (\"valve-in-valve\")","operation_heading":"How the Surgery Is Performed","operation_step_1_title":"Access","operation_step_1_desc":"Through a puncture in the femoral artery, without a sternal incision.","operation_step_2_title":"Valve Delivery","operation_step_2_desc":"The collapsed valve is moved through the vessels to the heart under X-ray guidance.","operation_step_3_title":"Deployment","operation_step_3_desc":"A balloon expands the lumen, and the bioprosthesis is placed inside the patient's own valve.","operation_step_4_title":"Anesthesia","operation_step_4_desc":"The procedure is performed under general anesthesia or local anesthesia, depending on indications.","operation_step_5_title":"Observation","operation_step_5_desc":"1 day in intensive care, then 4–5 days on the ward before discharge home.","advantages_heading":"Advantages","advantages_item_1":"No chest opening or sternal incision","advantages_item_2":"Minimal trauma","advantages_item_3":"No cardiopulmonary bypass machine","advantages_item_4":"Fast recovery: discharge after 4–5 days","advantages_item_5":"Can be performed without general anesthesia","advantages_item_6":"Possibility of a repeat procedure using the \"valve-in-valve\" technique","related_heading":"Related Procedures","related_valve_replacement_title":"Minimally Invasive Valve Replacement","related_valve_replacement_desc":"Surgical valve replacement through a mini-access — an alternative to TAVI for other valve conditions.","related_coronarography_title":"Coronarography","related_coronarography_desc":"Coronary artery evaluation before TAVI.","related_cabg_title":"Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting","related_cabg_desc":"Surgical treatment of ischemic heart disease — for combined valve and coronary artery disease.","related_aorta_title":"Aortic Prosthesis","related_aorta_desc":"Surgical treatment of aortic aneurysms and other aortic conditions.","related_link":"Learn more","recovery_heading":"Postoperative Care and Prognosis","recovery_item_1":"Taking antiplatelet drugs (medication that prevents blood clots)","recovery_item_2":"Regular follow-up with a cardiologist","recovery_item_3":"TAVI shows high survival rates and good long-term outcomes","recovery_item_4":"A safe alternative to open surgery for elderly and frail patients","recovery_note":"The N.I. Pirogov VMT Clinic, SPbSU, uses world-class equipment.","pricing_heading":"Treatment Under CHI and Federal Quotas","pricing_text":"Transcatheter aortic valve implantation at Pirogov Clinic is performed free of charge under the CHI policy and federal high-tech medical care (HTMC) quotas — subject to indications and referral. Our administrators will help you arrange the quota and prepare the required documents.","pricing_book":"Book an appointment","doctors_heading":"Doctors Performing TAVI","doctors_book":"Book an appointment","faq_heading":"FAQ","faq_q_1":"What is TAVI in simple terms?","faq_a_1":"TAVI is aortic valve replacement without open-heart surgery. A new biological valve is introduced through a puncture in the femoral artery using a thin catheter and placed inside the diseased valve. The chest is not opened.","faq_q_2":"How does TAVI differ from open valve replacement surgery?","faq_a_2":"TAVI does not involve a chest incision, stopping the heart, or connecting a cardiopulmonary bypass machine. It is a gentler method with faster recovery, suitable for patients at high risk from open surgery. In open replacement, the valve is changed through a sternal incision on a stopped heart.","faq_q_3":"At what degree of stenosis and for which patients is TAVI indicated?","faq_a_3":"TAVI is indicated for severe (stage 3) aortic stenosis with symptoms — shortness of breath, chest pain, dizziness, fainting. The method is primarily recommended for elderly patients, those with contraindications to open surgery, or those with comorbidities that increase surgical risk.","faq_q_4":"What are the contraindications to TAVI?","faq_a_4":"The heart team makes this decision individually. Limitations may include the anatomy of the valve and vessels, active infection, blood clots in the heart chambers, and conditions where the procedure would not improve the prognosis. A doctor provides an accurate assessment after examination.","faq_q_5":"How much does TAVI cost, and can it be done free of charge?","faq_a_5":"At Pirogov Clinic in Saint Petersburg, TAVI is performed free of charge under the CHI policy and federal high-tech medical care quotas, subject to indications and referral.","faq_q_6":"How do I get TAVI under CHI or a quota?","faq_a_6":"A referral and confirmed indications are required. Book a consultation — our specialists will assess your case and help you arrange the quota (HTMC) and prepare the necessary documents.","faq_q_7":"How long does TAVI surgery take?","faq_a_7":"The procedure itself usually takes 1 to 2 hours. The exact time depends on the patient's anatomy and the access chosen.","faq_q_8":"Is TAVI performed under general anesthesia?","faq_a_8":"TAVI can be performed under general anesthesia or under local anesthesia with sedation — the choice depends on the patient's condition. Not requiring general anesthesia is one of the method's advantages for frail and elderly patients.","faq_q_9":"How long is the recovery and when is the patient discharged?","faq_a_9":"Usually the patient spends 1 day in intensive care, then 4–5 days on the ward before being discharged home. Recovery after TAVI is significantly faster than after open surgery.","faq_q_10":"How long does the valve last after TAVI?","faq_a_10":"Modern bioprostheses last an average of 8 to 15 years — the exact lifespan depends on the patient's age, activity level, and adherence to the doctor's recommendations.","faq_q_11":"What is life expectancy and prognosis after TAVI?","faq_a_11":"TAVI shows high survival rates and good long-term outcomes. Without treatment, severe aortic stenosis sharply reduces life expectancy once symptoms appear, whereas timely valve replacement returns the patient to a normal life.","faq_q_12":"Will a repeat procedure be needed in the future?","faq_a_12":"Years later, once the bioprosthesis wears out, it can be replaced again using the \"valve-in-valve\" technique. This is also performed transcatheterly, without a chest incision.","faq_q_13":"Is TAVI dangerous, and what complications are possible?","faq_a_13":"TAVI is a well-established, safe method, especially for patients at high risk from open surgery. Like any procedure, it carries small risks (rhythm disturbances, access-site complications), which are minimized by an experienced heart team and modern equipment.","faq_q_14":"What symptoms of aortic stenosis indicate the need for surgery?","faq_a_14":"Warning signs include shortness of breath on exertion or at rest, chest pain or pressure, dizziness and fainting, and rapid fatigue. If these symptoms appear with known stenosis, see a cardiologist as soon as possible.","faq_q_15":"How do I prepare for TAVI, and what tests are needed?","faq_a_15":"Before TAVI, echocardiography, cardiac and vascular CT, coronarography, and other studies are performed to assess the valve anatomy and select the prosthesis. The attending physician draws up a detailed preparation plan during the consultation."}},"appointmentBanner":{"title":"Schedule a Consultation","description":"Our specialists are ready to answer your questions and help you choose the best treatment approach. Book an appointment at a convenient time.","button":"Make an appointment"},"consultationCTA":{"heading":"Still have questions?","desc":"Book an online talk or get in touch with our administrators. We'll help you choose the right specialist, answer any organizational questions, and explain how to prepare for the consultation.","book":"Book a consultation"},"forms":{"callback":{"toast":{"success_title":"The form has been successfully submitted!","success_description":"Our Administrator will contact you in the near working hours.","error_title":"Error. The form has not been sent.","error_description":"Please call us at +7 (999) 238-01-36."},"btn_text":"Request a Callback","form_title":"Callback Order Form","form_description":"Fill out the form below and we will contact you during the working day (Mon-Fri — from 09 AM to 4 PM Moscow Time).","form_name":"Last name, first name and patronymic","form_contacts":"Phone number","form_email":"Email","form_message":"Your message","form_placeholder":"...","form_agree":"I agree with ","form_terms":" terms of personal data processing","send_form":"Submit","close_form":"Close without sending"},"feedback":{"toast":{"success_title":"The review has been sent successfully!","success_description":"Your review will be published after verification by the moderator.","error_title":"Error. 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