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Acquired Heart Valve Disease

What Is Acquired Heart Valve Disease?

Acquired heart valve disease is a disorder of cardiac function that develops as a result of functional and/or structural changes in one or more heart valves.

These changes may present as valve stenosis, valve regurgitation (insufficiency), or a combination of both. For this reason, acquired heart defects are often referred to as valvular heart disease.

Causes of Acquired Heart Valve Disease

Acquired heart valve disease develops as a result of conditions that arise after birth, such as arterial hypertension, rheumatic heart disease, atherosclerosis, septic (infective) endocarditis, and other systemic disorders.

In economically developed countries with increasing life expectancy, degenerative aortic valve disease predominates. In developing countries, rheumatic mitral valve disease remains the leading cause and often affects relatively young patients.

Special attention should be given to a history of rheumatic fever in childhood, as such patients require close cardiology follow-up to ensure timely surgical intervention when needed.

Based on the mechanism of valve dysfunction, heart valve disease is divided into two main types:

1. Stenosis

A significant narrowing of the valve opening, which obstructs normal blood flow during valve opening, causing blood to effectively “push against a closed door.”

2. Regurgitation (Insufficiency)

Incomplete valve closure, resulting in backward flow of blood into the heart chamber.

Combined valve disease is also recognized, involving damage to multiple valves or a combination of stenosis and regurgitation within the same valve.

Regardless of the underlying cause or type of hemodynamic disturbance, the presence of valve disease increases the workload on the heart. Without timely specialist care, this can lead to circulatory failure and progressive damage to the heart and other organs, including the brain, liver, kidneys, and lungs.

Acquired Heart Valve Disease Symptoms

The main symptoms of heart valve disease include shortness of breath, a feeling of air hunger, coughing during moderate or even minimal physical activity, shortness of breath at rest, and generalized weakness.

In advanced stages of the disease, swelling of the lower body and legs may develop.

If any of these symptoms occur, we strongly recommend consulting a cardiologist as soon as possible for comprehensive evaluation and appropriate treatment.

Diagnosis of Acquired Heart Valve Disease

The following examinations are commonly used to diagnose heart valve disease:

  • Electrocardiography (ECG) at rest and during exercise
  • 24-hour ECG (Holter) monitoring
  • Echocardiography (cardiac ultrasound)
  • Chest X-ray
  • Doppler ultrasound of the vascular system
  • Laboratory tests and blood analysis

Based on patient complaints, medical history, and examination results, a decision is made regarding further treatment strategy.

Acquired Heart Valve Disease Treatment

Treatment of acquired heart valve disease is surgical. The most effective approach is valve repair or reconstruction. If repair is not possible, valve replacement is performed.

Artificial heart valves may be mechanical or biological. Mechanical valves are highly durable but require lifelong use of anticoagulant medication. Biological valves are made from biocompatible animal tissue and generally do not require long-term anticoagulation after surgery.

Mechanical valves have greater durability, while biological valves tend to wear out faster and may require replacement after 10–15 years, necessitating repeat surgery.

Failure to adhere to prescribed medications or healthy lifestyle recommendations after valve surgery increases the risk of infective endocarditis. In this condition, bacteria enter the bloodstream, attach to the heart valves, and cause serious infection. In such cases, repeat valve replacement surgery is often the only effective treatment.

At our clinic, special attention is given to patients with acquired heart valve disease. Timely diagnosis followed by appropriate surgical treatment allows patients to fully recover and return to an active, unrestricted life.

Learn more about minimally invasive valve replacement

Our specialists are ready to answer your questions and help you choose the best treatment approach. Book an appointment at a convenient time.

Patient reviews

Patients tell about their treatment at our center — reviews that mention “Heart Defects”: 7 reviews. The latest are below.

My mom and I came to the clinic in a rather serious condition. Mom is 80 years old, diagnosis: "degenerative heart disease, grade 3 aortic stenosis with aortic insufficiency". In addition, a concomitant disease — "multiple myeloma". Acquaintances recommended that we see specifically Alexey Sergeyevich Vasilyev as a TAVI specialist. At the first appointment Alexey Sergeyevich explained our situation and the plan of action before the operation in detail. He was very attentive and immediately won us over. Mom said: "I am ready to trust this doctor". Then, following his recommendations, all the necessary examinations, tests and the operation were carried out. I recommend Alexey Sergeyevich to everyone, he is a true professional and a true doctor! The team of doctors of the cardiac surgery department of the N. I. Pirogov clinic. They carried out all the necessary preoperative examinations and scheduled the operation taking the tests into account (this was very important for us, since there is a concomitant oncological disease). The transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVI) was successfully performed by cardiovascular surgeon Alexey Sergeyevich Vasilyev! Implantation of a permanent endocardial pacemaker was also performed by surgeon Andrey Alexandrovich Sorokin. Many thanks to Alexey Sergeyevich and Andrey Alexandrovich for their work, for prolonging the lives of people, our loved ones! It is so important when a doctor not only takes responsibility, but also says words of support and gives hope! Throughout the preparation and after the operation we were accompanied by the attending physician Larisa Yuryevna Kalashnikova. I would like to note her attentive attitude towards a patient of such advanced age. She explained very patiently and clearly everything the doctors were doing, and this really calmed mom, and she went to the operation completely without fear. This is very important! And in general, many thanks to all the staff of the department. Everyone is very friendly and attentive! A professional, humane and attentive approach!

Anonymous

Review of the doctorAlexey VasilevEndovascular Surgeon

I learned about my congenital heart defect accidentally one year ago during a routine medical examination, despite feeling completely well at the time. After that, I consulted multiple clinics and medical centers, but ultimately chose the Pirogov Clinic. I had a consultation with cardiac surgeon Dr. G.I. Kim, who explained in detail how the surgery would be performed and why it was necessary, as the defect had already reached a severe stage. He also explained how recovery and rehabilitation would proceed. I am very glad that I had an appointment with such a specialist. The aortic valve replacement surgery was performed on November 26. Dr. Kim monitored my condition both before and after the operation. I would like to express my deep gratitude to the entire clinic team, and especially to Dr. Gleb Irlamovich Kim.

Anonymous

Review of the doctorGleb KimCardiac Surgeon

I was born with a congenital heart defect and underwent coarctation of the aorta surgery at age 8 in 1985. I’ve had hypertension for years, and now arrhythmia as well. Recently I experienced heart rate spikes up to 130 bpm and blood pressure reaching 170/100. After emergency stabilization, I began seeing Dr. Lyubov Albinovna. She has an exceptional, empathetic approach and understands both the medical and psychological challenges that cardiac patients face. A true professional. She’s always available and helped me adjust to my new condition with the right treatment plan.

Anonymous

Review of the doctorLyubov TereshchenkoCardiologist

In 2019, my health dropped significantly. I had severe shortness of breath, I began to engage in active activities less often, and I constantly felt weak. I went to the clinic to see a cardiologist. The cardiologist prescribed me pills that have been helping me for a long time! However, last year I felt sick again - I had severe shortness of breath and pain in my heart with any movement. I went back to the clinic, and the cardiologist sent me for an ultrasound of the heart, where I was diagnosed with a heart valve defect. I consulted a cardiac surgeon, who referred me for a coronary angiography. I was diagnosed with coronary artery disease there. I was approved for surgery at the Pirogov Medical Center. I arrived at the clinic, I was further examined and admitted to the department. My doctor was Gleb Irlamovich Kim, PhD of Medical Sciences, a wonderful, competent specialist who not only treated me, but literally experienced the disease with me. He performed the operation on me, which, as I was told, was successful. I feel great! Thank you so much for your help. I recommend Gleb Irlamovich to everyone!

Anonymous

Review of the doctorGleb KimCardiac Surgeon

My father was admitted to the clinic on March 22, 2024, for coronary artery bypass surgery. The operation was performed very well, and Maksim Sergeevich was very attentive. We need more doctors like him. Thank you very much! We consulted Maksim Sergeevich regarding heart failure, angina, and degenerative heart disease. The consultation was excellent, and the treatment went very well. The coronary artery bypass surgery was done.

Anonymous

Review of the doctorMaksim KamenskihCardiac Surgeon
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